kfoldLoss

Classification loss for cross-validated kernel classification model

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Syntax

loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl)
loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl,Name,Value)

Description

example

loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl) returns the classification loss obtained by the cross-validated, binary kernel model (ClassificationPartitionedKernel) CVMdl. For every fold, kfoldLoss computes the classification loss for validation-fold observations using a model trained on training-fold observations.

By default, kfoldLoss returns the classification error.

example

loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl,Name,Value) returns the classification loss with additional options specified by one or more name-value pair arguments. For example, specify the classification loss function, number of folds, or aggregation level.

Examples

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Open Live Script

Load the ionosphere data set. This data set has 34 predictors and 351 binary responses for radar returns, which are labeled either bad ('b') or good ('g').

load ionosphere

Cross-validate a binary kernel classification model using the data.

CVMdl = fitckernel(X,Y,'Crossval','on')
CVMdl = 
  ClassificationPartitionedKernel
    CrossValidatedModel: 'Kernel'
           ResponseName: 'Y'
        NumObservations: 351
                  KFold: 10
              Partition: [1x1 cvpartition]
             ClassNames: {'b'  'g'}
         ScoreTransform: 'none'


  Properties, Methods

CVMdl is a ClassificationPartitionedKernel model. By default, the software implements 10-fold cross-validation. To specify a different number of folds, use the 'KFold' name-value pair argument instead of 'Crossval'.

Estimate the cross-validated classification loss. By default, the software computes the classification error.

loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl)
loss = 0.0940

Alternatively, you can obtain the per-fold classification errors by specifying the name-value pair 'Mode','individual' in kfoldLoss.

Open Live Script

Load the ionosphere data set. This data set has 34 predictors and 351 binary responses for radar returns, which are labeled either bad ('b') or good ('g').

load ionosphere

Cross-validate a binary kernel classification model using the data.

CVMdl = fitckernel(X,Y,'Crossval','on')
CVMdl = 
  ClassificationPartitionedKernel
    CrossValidatedModel: 'Kernel'
           ResponseName: 'Y'
        NumObservations: 351
                  KFold: 10
              Partition: [1x1 cvpartition]
             ClassNames: {'b'  'g'}
         ScoreTransform: 'none'


  Properties, Methods

CVMdl is a ClassificationPartitionedKernel model. By default, the software implements 10-fold cross-validation. To specify a different number of folds, use the 'KFold' name-value pair argument instead of 'Crossval'.

Create an anonymous function that measures linear loss, that is,

L=∑j-wjyjfj∑jwj.

wj is the weight for observation j, yj is the response j (–1 for the negative class and 1 otherwise), and fj is the raw classification score of observation j.

linearloss = @(C,S,W,Cost)sum(-W.*sum(S.*C,2))/sum(W);

Custom loss functions must be written in a particular form. For rules on writing a custom loss function, see the 'LossFun' name-value pair argument.

Estimate the cross-validated classification loss using the linear loss function.

loss = kfoldLoss(CVMdl,'LossFun',linearloss)
loss = -0.7792

Input Arguments

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Cross-validated, binary kernel classification model, specified as a ClassificationPartitionedKernel model object. You can create a ClassificationPartitionedKernel model by using fitckernel and specifying any one of the cross-validation name-value pair arguments.

To obtain estimates, kfoldLoss applies the same data used to cross-validate the kernel classification model (X and Y).

Name-Value Pair Arguments

Specify optional comma-separated pairs of Name,Value arguments. Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name must appear inside quotes. You can specify several name and value pair arguments in any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.

Example: kfoldLoss(CVMdl,'Folds',[1 3 5]) specifies to use only the first, third, and fifth folds to calculate the classification loss.

Fold indices for prediction, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Folds' and a numeric vector of positive integers. The elements of Folds must be within the range from 1 to CVMdl.KFold.

The software uses only the folds specified in Folds for prediction.

Example: 'Folds',[1 4 10]

Data Types: single | double

Loss function, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'LossFun' and a built-in loss function name or a function handle.

  • This table lists the available loss functions. Specify one using its corresponding value.

    ValueDescription
    'binodeviance'Binomial deviance
    'classiferror'Classification error
    'exponential'Exponential
    'hinge'Hinge
    'logit'Logistic
    'mincost'Minimal expected misclassification cost (for classification scores that are posterior probabilities)
    'quadratic'Quadratic

    'mincost' is appropriate for classification scores that are posterior probabilities. For kernel classification models, logistic regression learners return posterior probabilities as classification scores by default, but SVM learners do not (see kfoldPredict).

  • Specify your own function by using function handle notation.

    Assume that n is the number of observations in X, and K is the number of distinct classes (numel(CVMdl.ClassNames), where CVMdl is the input model). Your function must have this signature:

    lossvalue = lossfun(C,S,W,Cost)

    • The output argument lossvalue is a scalar.

    • You specify the function name (lossfun).

    • C is an n-by-K logical matrix with rows indicating the class to which the corresponding observation belongs. The column order corresponds to the class order in CVMdl.ClassNames.

      Construct C by setting C(p,q) = 1, if observation p is in class q, for each row. Set all other elements of row p to 0.

    • S is an n-by-K numeric matrix of classification scores. The column order corresponds to the class order in CVMdl.ClassNames. S is a matrix of classification scores, similar to the output of kfoldPredict.

    • W is an n-by-1 numeric vector of observation weights. If you pass W, the software normalizes the weights to sum to 1.

    • Cost is a K-by-K numeric matrix of misclassification costs. For example, Cost = ones(K) – eye(K) specifies a cost of 0 for correct classification, and 1 for misclassification.

Example: 'LossFun',@lossfun

Data Types: char | string | function_handle

Aggregation level for the output, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Mode' and 'average' or 'individual'.

This table describes the values.

ValueDescription
'average'The output is a scalar average over all folds.
'individual'The output is a vector of length k containing one value per fold, where k is the number of folds.

Example: 'Mode','individual'

Output Arguments

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Classification loss, returned as a numeric scalar or numeric column vector.

If Mode is 'average', then loss is the average classification loss over all folds. Otherwise, loss is a k-by-1 numeric column vector containing the classification loss for each fold, where k is the number of folds.

More About

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Classification Loss

Classification loss functions measure the predictive inaccuracy of classification models. When you compare the same type of loss among many models, a lower loss indicates a better predictive model.

Suppose the following:

  • L is the weighted average classification loss.

  • n is the sample size.

  • yj is the observed class label. The software codes it as –1 or 1, indicating the negative or positive class, respectively.

  • f(Xj) is the raw classification score for the transformed observation (row) j of the predictor data X using feature expansion.

  • mj = yjf(Xj) is the classification score for classifying observation j into the class corresponding to yj. Positive values of mj indicate correct classification and do not contribute much to the average loss. Negative values of mj indicate incorrect classification and contribute to the average loss.

  • The weight for observation j is wj. The software normalizes the observation weights so that they sum to the corresponding prior class probability. The software also normalizes the prior probabilities so that they sum to 1. Therefore,

    ∑j=1nwj=1.

This table describes the supported loss functions that you can specify by using the 'LossFun' name-value pair argument.

Loss FunctionValue of LossFunEquation
Binomial deviance'binodeviance'L=∑j=1nwjlog{1+exp[−2mj]}.
Exponential loss'exponential'L=∑j=1nwjexp(−mj).
Classification error'classiferror'

L=∑j=1nwjI{y^j≠yj}.

The classification error is the weighted fraction of misclassified observations where y^j is the class label corresponding to the class with the maximal posterior probability. I{x} is the indicator function.

Hinge loss'hinge'L=∑j=1nwjmax{0,1−mj}.
Logit loss'logit'L=∑j=1nwjlog(1+exp(−mj)).
Minimal cost'mincost'

The software computes the weighted minimal cost using this procedure for observations j = 1,...,n.

  1. Estimate the 1-by-K vector of expected classification costs for observation j:

    γj=f(Xj)′C.

    f(Xj) is the column vector of class posterior probabilities. C is the cost matrix that the input model stores in the Cost property.

  2. For observation j, predict the class label corresponding to the minimum expected classification cost:

    y^j=minj=1,...,K(γj).

  3. Using C, identify the cost incurred (cj) for making the prediction.

The weighted, average, minimum cost loss is

L=∑j=1nwjcj.

Quadratic loss'quadratic'L=∑j=1nwj(1−mj)2.

This figure compares the loss functions (except minimal cost) for one observation over m. Some functions are normalized to pass through [0,1].

See Also

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Introduced in R2018b

Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox Documentation

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