cordiccexp

CORDIC-based approximation of complex exponential

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Syntax

y = cordiccexp(theta,niters)

Description

y = cordiccexp(theta,niters) computes cos(theta) + j*sin(theta) using a CORDIC algorithm approximation. y contains the approximated complex result.

Input Arguments

theta

theta can be a signed or unsigned scalar, vector, matrix, or N-dimensional array containing the angle values in radians. All values of theta must be real and in the range [–2π 2π).

niters

niters is the number of iterations the CORDIC algorithm performs. This is an optional argument. When specified, niters must be a positive, integer-valued scalar. If you do not specify niters or if you specify a value that is too large, the algorithm uses a maximum value. For fixed-point operation, the maximum number of iterations is one less than the word length of theta. For floating-point operation, the maximum value is 52 for double or 23 for single. Increasing the number of iterations can produce more accurate results, but it also increases the expense of the computation and adds latency.

Output Arguments

y

y is the approximated complex result of the cordiccexp function. When the input to the function is floating point, the output data type is the same as the input data type. When the input is fixed point, the output has the same word length as the input, and a fraction length equal to the WordLength – 2.

Examples

The following example illustrates the effect of the number of iterations on the result of the cordiccexp approximation. 

wrdLn = 8;
theta = fi(pi/2, 1, wrdLn);
fprintf('\n\nNITERS\t\tY (SIN)\t ERROR\t LSBs\t\tX (COS)\t ERROR\t LSBs\n');
fprintf('------\t\t-------\t ------\t ----\t\t-------\t ------\t ----\n');
for niters = 1:(wrdLn - 1)
  cis    = cordiccexp(theta, niters);
  fl     = cis.FractionLength;
  x      = real(cis);
  y      = imag(cis);
  x_dbl  = double(x);
  x_err  = abs(x_dbl - cos(double(theta)));
  y_dbl  = double(y);
  y_err  = abs(y_dbl - sin(double(theta)));
  fprintf('%d\t\t%1.4f\t %1.4f\t %1.1f\t\t%1.4f\t %1.4f\t %1.1f\n', niters, y_dbl, y_err,(y_err * pow2(fl)), x_dbl, x_err,(x_err * pow2(fl)));
end
fprintf('\n');

The output table appears as follows:

NITERS   Y (SIN)  ERROR   LSBs    X (COS)  ERROR   LSBs
------    -------  ------  ----   -------  ------  ----
1         0.7031   0.2968  19.0    0.7031   0.7105  45.5
2         0.9375   0.0625  4.0     0.3125   0.3198  20.5
3         0.9844   0.0156  1.0     0.0938   0.1011  6.5
4         0.9844   0.0156  1.0     -0.0156  0.0083  0.5
5         1.0000   0.0000  0.0     0.0312   0.0386  2.5
6         1.0000   0.0000  0.0     0.0000   0.0073  0.5
7         1.0000   0.0000  0.0     0.0156   0.0230  1.5

More About

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CORDIC

CORDIC is an acronym for COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer. The Givens rotation-based CORDIC algorithm is one of the most hardware-efficient algorithms available because it requires only iterative shift-add operations (see References). The CORDIC algorithm eliminates the need for explicit multipliers. Using CORDIC, you can calculate various functions, such as sine, cosine, arc sine, arc cosine, arc tangent, and vector magnitude. You can also use this algorithm for divide, square root, hyperbolic, and logarithmic functions.

Increasing the number of CORDIC iterations can produce more accurate results, but doing so also increases the expense of the computation and adds latency.

Algorithms

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Signal Flow Diagrams

CORDIC Rotation Kernel

X represents the real part, Y represents the imaginary part, and Z represents theta. The accuracy of the CORDIC rotation kernel depends on the choice of initial values for X, Y, and Z. This algorithm uses the following initial values:

z0 is initialized to the θ input argument valuex0 is initialized to 1ANy0 is initialized to 0

fimath Propagation Rules

CORDIC functions discard any local fimath attached to the input.

The CORDIC functions use their own internal fimath when performing calculations:

  • OverflowAction—Wrap

  • RoundingMethod—Floor

The output has no attached fimath.

References

[1] Volder, JE. “The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique.” IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers. Vol. EC-8, September 1959, pp. 330–334.

[2] Andraka, R. “A survey of CORDIC algorithm for FPGA based computers.” Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays. Feb. 22–24, 1998, pp. 191–200.

[3] Walther, J.S. “A Unified Algorithm for Elementary Functions.” Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto. Spring Joint Computer Conference, 1971, pp. 379–386. (from the collection of the Computer History Museum). www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/afips/1971/5077/00/50770379.pdf

[4] Schelin, Charles W. “Calculator Function Approximation.” The American Mathematical Monthly. Vol. 90, No. 5, May 1983, pp. 317–325.

Extended Capabilities

See Also

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Topics

Introduced in R2010a

Fixed-Point Designer Documentation

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