Calculate Fixed-Point Sine and Cosine

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This example shows how to use both CORDIC-based and lookup table-based algorithms provided by the Fixed-Point Designer™ to approximate the MATLAB® sine (SIN) and cosine (COS) functions. Efficient fixed-point sine and cosine algorithms are critical to many embedded applications, including motor controls, navigation, signal processing, and wireless communications.

Calculating Sine and Cosine Using the CORDIC Algorithm

Introduction

The cordiccexp, cordicsincos, cordicsin, and cordiccos functions approximate the MATLAB sin and cos functions using a CORDIC-based algorithm. CORDIC is an acronym for COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer. The Givens rotation-based CORDIC algorithm (see [1,2]) is one of the most hardware efficient algorithms because it only requires iterative shift-add operations. The CORDIC algorithm eliminates the need for explicit multipliers, and is suitable for calculating a variety of functions, such as sine, cosine, arcsine, arccosine, arctangent, vector magnitude, divide, square root, hyperbolic and logarithmic functions.

You can use the CORDIC rotation computing mode to calculate sine and cosine, and also polar-to-cartesian conversion operations. In this mode, the vector magnitude and an angle of rotation are known and the coordinate (X-Y) components are computed after rotation.

CORDIC Rotation Computation Mode

The CORDIC rotation mode algorithm begins by initializing an angle accumulator with the desired rotation angle. Next, the rotation decision at each CORDIC iteration is done in a way that decreases the magnitude of the residual angle accumulator. The rotation decision is based on the sign of the residual angle in the angle accumulator after each iteration.

In rotation mode, the CORDIC equations are:

$z_{i+1} = z_{i} - d_{i}*atan(2^{-i})$

$x_{i+1} = x_{i} - y_{i}*d_{i}*2^{-i}$

$y_{i+1} = y_{i} + x_{i}*d_{i}*2^{-i}$

where $d_{i} = -1$ if $z_{i} < 0$ , and $$ +1 $$ otherwise;

$$ i = 0, 1, ..., N-1 $$ , and $$ N $$ is the total number of iterations.

This provides the following result as $$ N $$ approaches $+\infty$ :

$z_{N} = 0$

$x_{N} = A_{N}(x_{0}\cos{z_{0}} - y_{0}\sin{z_{0}})$

$y_{N} = A_{N}(y_{0}\cos{z_{0}} + x_{0}\sin{z_{0}})$

Where:

$A_{N} = \prod_{i=0}^{N-1}{\sqrt{1+2^{-2i}}}$ .

In rotation mode, the CORDIC algorithm is limited to rotation angles between $-\pi/2$ and $\pi/2$ . To support angles outside of that range, the cordiccexp, cordicsincos, cordicsin, and cordiccos functions use quadrant correction (including possible extra negation) after the CORDIC iterations are completed.

Understanding the `CORDICSINCOS` Sine and Cosine Code

Introduction

The cordicsincos function calculates the sine and cosine of input angles in the range [-2*pi, 2*pi) using the CORDIC algorithm. This function takes an angle $\theta$ (radians) and the number of iterations as input arguments. The function returns approximations of sine and cosine.

The CORDIC computation outputs are scaled by the rotator gain. This gain is accounted for by pre-scaling the initial $1 / A_{N}$ constant value.

Initialization

The cordicsincos function performs the following initialization steps:

The angle input look-up table inpLUT is set to atan(2 .^ -(0:N-1)).
$z_{0}$ is set to the $\theta$ input argument value.
$x_{0}$ is set to $1 / A_{N}$ .
$y_{0}$ is set to zero.

The judicious choice of initial values allows the algorithm to directly compute both sine and cosine simultaneously. After $$ N $$ iterations, these initial values lead to the following outputs as $$ N $$ approaches $+\infty$ :

$x_{N} \approx cos(\theta)$

$y_{N} \approx sin(\theta)$

Shared Fixed-Point and Floating-Point CORDIC Kernel Code

The MATLAB code for the CORDIC algorithm (rotation mode) kernel portion is as follows (for the case of scalar x, y, and z). This same code is used for both fixed-point and floating-point operations:

function [x, y, z] = cordic_rotation_kernel(x, y, z, inpLUT, n)
% Perform CORDIC rotation kernel algorithm for N kernel iterations.
xtmp = x;
ytmp = y;
for idx = 1:n
    if z < 0
        z(:) = z + inpLUT(idx);
        x(:) = x + ytmp;
        y(:) = y - xtmp;
    else
        z(:) = z - inpLUT(idx);
        x(:) = x - ytmp;
        y(:) = y + xtmp;
    end
    xtmp = bitsra(x, idx); % bit-shift-right for multiply by 2^(-idx)
    ytmp = bitsra(y, idx); % bit-shift-right for multiply by 2^(-idx)
end

Visualizing the Sine-Cosine Rotation Mode CORDIC Iterations

The CORDIC algorithm is usually run through a specified (constant) number of iterations since ending the CORDIC iterations early would break pipelined code, and the CORDIC gain $A_{n}$ would not be constant because $$ n $$ would vary.

For very large values of $$ n $$ , the CORDIC algorithm is guaranteed to converge, but not always monotonically. As will be shown in the following example, intermediate iterations occasionally produce more accurate results than later iterations. You can typically achieve greater accuracy by increasing the total number of iterations.

Example

In the following example, iteration 5 provides a better estimate of the result than iteration 6, and the CORDIC algorithm converges in later iterations.

theta   = pi/5; % input angle in radians
niters  = 10;   % number of iterations
sinTh   = sin(theta); % reference result
cosTh   = cos(theta); % reference result
y_sin   = zeros(niters, 1);
sin_err = zeros(niters, 1);
x_cos   = zeros(niters, 1);
cos_err = zeros(niters, 1);
fprintf('\n\nNITERS \tERROR\n');
fprintf('------\t----------\n');
for n = 1:niters
    [y_sin(n), x_cos(n)] = cordicsincos(theta, n);
    sin_err(n) = abs(y_sin(n) - sinTh);
    cos_err(n) = abs(x_cos(n) - cosTh);
    if n < 10
        fprintf('   %d \t %1.8f\n', n, cos_err(n));
    else
        fprintf('  %d \t %1.8f\n', n, cos_err(n));
    end
end
fprintf('\n');


NITERS 	ERROR
------	----------
   1 	 0.10191021
   2 	 0.13966630
   3 	 0.03464449
   4 	 0.03846157
   5 	 0.00020393
   6 	 0.01776952
   7 	 0.00888037
   8 	 0.00436052
   9 	 0.00208192
  10 	 0.00093798

Plot the CORDIC approximation error on a bar graph

figure(1); clf;
bar(1:niters, cos_err(1:niters));
xlabel('Number of iterations','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
ylabel('Error','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
title('CORDIC approximation error for cos(pi/5) computation',...
    'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
axis([0 niters 0 0.14]);

Plot the X-Y results for 5 iterations

Niter2Draw = 5;
figure(2), clf, hold on
plot(cos(0:0.1:pi/2), sin(0:0.1:pi/2), 'b--'); % semi-circle
for i=1:Niter2Draw
    plot([0 x_cos(i)],[0 y_sin(i)], 'LineWidth', 2); % CORDIC iteration result
    text(x_cos(i),y_sin(i),int2str(i),'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
end
plot(cos(theta), sin(theta), 'r*', 'MarkerSize', 20); % IDEAL result
xlabel('X (COS)','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b')
ylabel('Y (SIN)','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b')
title('CORDIC iterations for cos(pi/5) computation',...
    'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b')
axis equal;
axis square;

Computing Fixed-point Sine with `cordicsin`

Create 1024 points between [-2*pi, 2*pi)

stepSize = pi/256;
thRadDbl = (-2*pi):stepSize:(2*pi - stepSize);
thRadFxp = sfi(thRadDbl, 12);     % signed, 12-bit fixed-point values
sinThRef = sin(double(thRadFxp)); % reference results

Compare fixed-point CORDIC vs. double-precision trig function results

Use 12-bit quantized inputs and vary the number of iterations from 4 to 10.

for niters = 4:3:10
    cdcSinTh  = cordicsin(thRadFxp,  niters);
    errCdcRef = sinThRef - double(cdcSinTh);
    figure; hold on; axis([-2*pi 2*pi -1.25 1.25]);
    plot(thRadFxp, sinThRef,  'b');
    plot(thRadFxp, cdcSinTh,  'g');
    plot(thRadFxp, errCdcRef, 'r');
    ylabel('sin(\Theta)','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
    set(gca,'XTick',-2*pi:pi/2:2*pi);
    set(gca,'XTickLabel',...
        {'-2*pi', '-3*pi/2', '-pi', '-pi/2', ...
        '0', 'pi/2', 'pi', '3*pi/2','2*pi'});
    set(gca,'YTick',-1:0.5:1);
    set(gca,'YTickLabel',{'-1.0','-0.5','0','0.5','1.0'});
    ref_str = 'Reference: sin(double(\Theta))';
    cdc_str = sprintf('12-bit CORDICSIN; N = %d', niters);
    err_str = sprintf('Error (max = %f)', max(abs(errCdcRef)));
    legend(ref_str, cdc_str, err_str);
    title(cdc_str,'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
end

Compute the LSB Error for N = 10

figure;
fracLen = cdcSinTh.FractionLength;
plot(thRadFxp, abs(errCdcRef) * pow2(fracLen));
set(gca,'XTick',-2*pi:pi/2:2*pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',...
    {'-2*pi', '-3*pi/2', '-pi', '-pi/2', ...
    '0', 'pi/2', 'pi', '3*pi/2','2*pi'});
ylabel(sprintf('LSB Error: 1 LSB = 2^{-%d}',fracLen),'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
title('LSB Error: 12-bit CORDICSIN; N=10','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
axis([-2*pi 2*pi 0 6]);

Compute Noise Floor

fft_mag = abs(fft(double(cdcSinTh)));
max_mag = max(fft_mag);
mag_db  = 20*log10(fft_mag/max_mag);
figure;
hold on;
plot(0:1023, mag_db);
plot(0:1023, zeros(1,1024),'r--');     % Normalized peak (0 dB)
plot(0:1023, -62.*ones(1,1024),'r--'); % Noise floor level
ylabel('dB Magnitude','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
title('62 dB Noise Floor: 12-bit CORDICSIN; N=10',...
    'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
% axis([0 1023 -120 0]); full FFT
axis([0 round(1024*(pi/8)) -100 10]); % zoom in
set(gca,'XTick',[0 round(1024*pi/16) round(1024*pi/8)]);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','pi/16','pi/8'});

Accelerating the Fixed-Point `CORDICSINCOS` Function with `FIACCEL`

You can generate a MEX function from MATLAB code using the MATLAB® fiaccel function. Typically, running a generated MEX function can improve the simulation speed, although the actual speed improvement depends on the simulation platform being used. The following example shows how to accelerate the fixed-point cordicsincos function using fiaccel.

The fiaccel function compiles the MATLAB code into a MEX function. This step requires the creation of a temporary directory and write permissions in this directory.

tempdirObj = fidemo.fiTempdir('fi_sin_cos_demo');

When you declare the number of iterations to be a constant (e.g., 10) using coder.newtype('constant',10), the compiled angle look-up table will also be constant, and thus won't be computed at each iteration. Also, when you call cordicsincos_mex, you will not need to give it the input argument for the number of iterations. If you pass in the number of iterations, the MEX-function will error.

The data type of the input parameters determines whether the cordicsincos function performs fixed-point or floating-point calculations. When MATLAB generates code for this file, code is only generated for the specific data type. For example, if the THETA input argument is fixed point, then only fixed-point code is generated.

inp = {thRadFxp, coder.newtype('constant',10)}; % example inputs for the function
fiaccel('cordicsincos', '-o', 'cordicsincos_mex',  '-args', inp)

First, calculate sine and cosine by calling cordicsincos.

tstart = tic;
cordicsincos(thRadFxp,10);
telapsed_Mcordicsincos = toc(tstart);

Next, calculate sine and cosine by calling the MEX-function cordicsincos_mex.

cordicsincos_mex(thRadFxp); % load the MEX file
tstart = tic;
cordicsincos_mex(thRadFxp);
telapsed_MEXcordicsincos = toc(tstart);

Now, compare the speed. Type the following at the MATLAB command line to see the speed improvement on your platform:

fiaccel_speedup = telapsed_Mcordicsincos/telapsed_MEXcordicsincos;

To clean up the temporary directory, run the following commands:

clear cordicsincos_mex;
status = tempdirObj.cleanUp;

Calculating `SIN` and `COS` Using Lookup Tables

There are many lookup table-based approaches that may be used to implement fixed-point sine and cosine approximations. The following is a low-cost approach based on a single real-valued lookup table and simple nearest-neighbor linear interpolation.

Single Lookup Table Based Approach

The sin and cos methods of the fi object in the Fixed-Point Designer approximate the MATLAB® builtin floating-point sin and cos functions, using a lookup table-based approach with simple nearest-neighbor linear interpolation between values. This approach allows for a small real-valued lookup table and uses simple arithmetic.

Using a single real-valued lookup table simplifies the index computation and the overall arithmetic required to achieve very good accuracy of the results. These simplifications yield relatively high speed performance and also relatively low memory requirements.

Understanding the Lookup Table Based `SIN` and `COS` Implementation

Lookup Table Size and Accuracy

Two important design considerations of a lookup table are its size and its accuracy. It is not possible to create a table for every possible input value $$ u $$ . It is also not possible to be perfectly accurate due to the quantization of $$ sin(u) $$ or $$ cos(u) $$ lookup table values.

As a compromise, the Fixed-Point Designer SIN and COS methods of FI use an 8-bit lookup table as part of their implementation. An 8-bit table is only 256 elements long, so it is small and efficient. Eight bits also corresponds to the size of a byte or a word on many platforms. Used in conjunction with linear interpolation, and 16-bit output (lookup table value) precision, an 8-bit-addressable lookup table provides both very good accuracy and performance.

Initializing the Constant SIN Lookup Table Values

For implementation simplicity, table value uniformity, and speed, a full sinewave table is used. First, a quarter-wave SIN function is sampled at 64 uniform intervals in the range [0, pi/2) radians. Choosing a signed 16-bit fractional fixed-point data type for the table values, i.e., tblValsNT = numerictype(1,16,15), produces best precision results in the SIN output range [-1.0, 1.0). The values are pre-quantized before they are set, to avoid overflow warnings.

tblValsNT = numerictype(1,16,15);
quarterSinDblFltPtVals  = (sin(2*pi*((0:63) ./ 256)))';
endpointQuantized_Plus1 = 1.0 - double(eps(fi(0,tblValsNT)));

halfSinWaveDblFltPtVals = ...
    [quarterSinDblFltPtVals; ...
    endpointQuantized_Plus1; ...
    flipud(quarterSinDblFltPtVals(2:end))];

fullSinWaveDblFltPtVals = ...
    [halfSinWaveDblFltPtVals; -halfSinWaveDblFltPtVals];

FI_SIN_LUT = fi(fullSinWaveDblFltPtVals, tblValsNT);

Overview of Algorithm Implementation

The implementation of the Fixed-Point Designer sin and cos methods of fi objects involves first casting the fixed-point angle inputs $$ u $$ (in radians) to a pre-defined data type in the range [0, 2pi]. For this purpose, a modulo-2pi operation is performed to obtain the fixed-point input value inpValInRange in the range [0, 2pi] and cast to the best precision binary point scaled unsigned 16-bit fixed-point type numerictype(0,16,13):

% Best UNSIGNED type for real-world value range [0,  2*pi],
% which maps to fixed-point stored integer vals [0, 51472].
inpInRangeNT = numerictype(0,16,13);

Next, we get the 16-bit stored unsigned integer value from this in-range fixed-point FI angle value:

idxUFIX16 = fi(storedInteger(inpValInRange), numerictype(0,16,0));

We multiply the stored integer value by a normalization constant, 65536/51472. The resulting integer value will be in a full-scale uint16 index range:

normConst_NT = numerictype(0,32,31);
normConstant = fi(65536/51472, normConst_NT);
fullScaleIdx = normConstant * idxUFIX16;
idxUFIX16(:) = fullScaleIdx;

The top 8 most significant bits (MSBs) of this full-scale unsigned 16-bit index idxUFIX16 are used to directly index into the 8-bit sine lookup table. Two table lookups are performed, one at the computed table index location lutValBelow, and one at the next index location lutValAbove:

idxUint8MSBs = storedInteger(bitsliceget(idxUFIX16, 16, 9));
zeroBasedIdx = int16(idxUint8MSBs);
lutValBelow  = FI_SIN_LUT(zeroBasedIdx + 1);
lutValAbove  = FI_SIN_LUT(zeroBasedIdx + 2);

The remaining 8 least significant bits (LSBs) of idxUFIX16 are used to interpolate between these two table values. The LSB values are treated as a normalized scaling factor with 8-bit fractional data type rFracNT:

rFracNT      = numerictype(0,8,8); % fractional remainder data type
idxFrac8LSBs = reinterpretcast(bitsliceget(idxUFIX16,8,1), rFracNT);
rFraction    = idxFrac8LSBs;

A real multiply is used to determine the weighted difference between the two points. This results in a simple calculation (equivalent to one product and two sums) to obtain the interpolated fixed-point sine result:

temp = rFraction * (lutValAbove - lutValBelow);
rslt = lutValBelow + temp;

Example

Using the above algorithm, here is an example of the lookup table and linear interpolation process used to compute the value of SIN for a fixed-point input inpValInRange = 0.425 radians:

% Use an arbitrary input value (e.g., 0.425 radians)
inpInRangeNT  = numerictype(0,16,13);    % best precision, [0, 2*pi] radians
inpValInRange = fi(0.425, inpInRangeNT); % arbitrary fixed-point input angle

% Normalize its stored integer to get full-scale unsigned 16-bit integer index
idxUFIX16     = fi(storedInteger(inpValInRange), numerictype(0,16,0));
normConst_NT  = numerictype(0,32,31);
normConstant  = fi(65536/51472, normConst_NT);
fullScaleIdx  = normConstant * idxUFIX16;
idxUFIX16(:)  = fullScaleIdx;

% Do two table lookups using unsigned 8-bit integer index (i.e., 8 MSBs)
idxUint8MSBs  = storedInteger(bitsliceget(idxUFIX16, 16, 9));
zeroBasedIdx  = int16(idxUint8MSBs);          % zero-based table index value
lutValBelow   = FI_SIN_LUT(zeroBasedIdx + 1); % 1st table lookup value
lutValAbove   = FI_SIN_LUT(zeroBasedIdx + 2); % 2nd table lookup value

% Do nearest-neighbor interpolation using 8 LSBs (treat as fractional remainder)
rFracNT       = numerictype(0,8,8); % fractional remainder data type
idxFrac8LSBs  = reinterpretcast(bitsliceget(idxUFIX16,8,1), rFracNT);
rFraction     = idxFrac8LSBs; % fractional value for linear interpolation
temp          = rFraction * (lutValAbove - lutValBelow);
rslt          = lutValBelow + temp;

Here is a plot of the algorithm results:

x_vals = 0:(pi/128):(pi/4);
xIdxLo = zeroBasedIdx - 1;
xIdxHi = zeroBasedIdx + 4;
figure; hold on; axis([x_vals(xIdxLo) x_vals(xIdxHi) 0.25 0.65]);
plot(x_vals(xIdxLo:xIdxHi), double(FI_SIN_LUT(xIdxLo:xIdxHi)), 'b^--');
plot([x_vals(zeroBasedIdx+1) x_vals(zeroBasedIdx+2)], ...
    [lutValBelow lutValAbove], 'k.'); % Closest values
plot(0.425, double(rslt), 'r*'); % Interpolated fixed-point result
plot(0.425, sin(0.425),   'gs'); % Double precision reference result
xlabel('X'); ylabel('SIN(X)');
lut_val_str = 'Fixed-point lookup table values';
near_str    = 'Two closest fixed-point LUT values';
interp_str  = 'Interpolated fixed-point result';
ref_str     = 'Double precision reference value';
legend(lut_val_str, near_str, interp_str, ref_str);
title('Fixed-Point Designer Lookup Table Based SIN with Linear Interpolation', ...
    'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');

Computing Fixed-point Sine Using `SIN`

Create 1024 points between [-2*pi, 2*pi)

stepSize = pi/256;
thRadDbl = (-2*pi):stepSize:(2*pi - stepSize); % double precision floating-point
thRadFxp = sfi(thRadDbl, 12); % signed, 12-bit fixed-point inputs

Compare fixed-point SIN vs. double-precision SIN results

fxpSinTh  = sin(thRadFxp); % fixed-point results
sinThRef  = sin(double(thRadFxp)); % reference results
errSinRef = sinThRef - double(fxpSinTh);
figure; hold on; axis([-2*pi 2*pi -1.25 1.25]);
plot(thRadFxp, sinThRef,  'b');
plot(thRadFxp, fxpSinTh,  'g');
plot(thRadFxp, errSinRef, 'r');
ylabel('sin(\Theta)','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
set(gca,'XTick',-2*pi:pi/2:2*pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',...
    {'-2*pi', '-3*pi/2', '-pi', '-pi/2', ...
    '0', 'pi/2', 'pi', '3*pi/2','2*pi'});
set(gca,'YTick',-1:0.5:1);
set(gca,'YTickLabel',{'-1.0','-0.5','0','0.5','1.0'});
ref_str = 'Reference: sin(double(\Theta))';
fxp_str = sprintf('16-bit Fixed-Point SIN with 12-bit Inputs');
err_str = sprintf('Error (max = %f)', max(abs(errSinRef)));
legend(ref_str, fxp_str, err_str);
title(fxp_str,'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');

Compute the LSB Error

figure;
fracLen = fxpSinTh.FractionLength;
plot(thRadFxp, abs(errSinRef) * pow2(fracLen));
set(gca,'XTick',-2*pi:pi/2:2*pi);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',...
    {'-2*pi', '-3*pi/2', '-pi', '-pi/2', ...
    '0', 'pi/2', 'pi', '3*pi/2','2*pi'});
ylabel(sprintf('LSB Error: 1 LSB = 2^{-%d}',fracLen),'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
title('LSB Error: 16-bit Fixed-Point SIN with 12-bit Inputs','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
axis([-2*pi 2*pi 0 8]);

Compute Noise Floor

fft_mag = abs(fft(double(fxpSinTh)));
max_mag = max(fft_mag);
mag_db  = 20*log10(fft_mag/max_mag);
figure;
hold on;
plot(0:1023, mag_db);
plot(0:1023, zeros(1,1024),'r--');     % Normalized peak (0 dB)
plot(0:1023, -64.*ones(1,1024),'r--'); % Noise floor level (dB)
ylabel('dB Magnitude','fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
title('64 dB Noise Floor: 16-bit Fixed-Point SIN with 12-bit Inputs',...
    'fontsize',12,'fontweight','b');
% axis([0 1023 -120 0]); full FFT
axis([0 round(1024*(pi/8)) -100 10]); % zoom in
set(gca,'XTick',[0 round(1024*pi/16) round(1024*pi/8)]);
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'0','pi/16','pi/8'});

Comparing the Costs of the Fixed-Point Approximation Algorithms

The fixed-point CORDIC algorithm requires the following operations:

1 table lookup per iteration
2 shifts per iteration
3 additions per iteration

The simplified single lookup table algorithm with nearest-neighbor linear interpolation requires the following operations:

2 table lookups
1 multiplication
2 additions

In real world applications, selecting an algorithm for the fixed-point trigonometric function calculations typically depends on the required accuracy, cost and hardware constraints.

close all; % close all figure windows

References

Jack E. Volder, The CORDIC Trigonometric Computing Technique, IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers, Volume EC-8, September 1959, pp330-334.
Ray Andraka, A survey of CORDIC algorithm for FPGA based computers, Proceedings of the 1998 ACM/SIGDA sixth international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays, Feb. 22-24, 1998, pp191-200

Documentation

Calculate Fixed-Point Sine and Cosine

Calculating Sine and Cosine Using the CORDIC Algorithm

Understanding the `CORDICSINCOS` Sine and Cosine Code

Visualizing the Sine-Cosine Rotation Mode CORDIC Iterations

Computing Fixed-point Sine with `cordicsin`

Accelerating the Fixed-Point `CORDICSINCOS` Function with `FIACCEL`

Calculating `SIN` and `COS` Using Lookup Tables

Single Lookup Table Based Approach

Understanding the Lookup Table Based `SIN` and `COS` Implementation

Computing Fixed-point Sine Using `SIN`

Comparing the Costs of the Fixed-Point Approximation Algorithms

References

Fixed-Point Designer Documentation

Support

Documentation

Calculate Fixed-Point Sine and Cosine

Calculating Sine and Cosine Using the CORDIC Algorithm

Understanding the CORDICSINCOS Sine and Cosine Code

Visualizing the Sine-Cosine Rotation Mode CORDIC Iterations

Computing Fixed-point Sine with cordicsin

Accelerating the Fixed-Point CORDICSINCOS Function with FIACCEL

Calculating SIN and COS Using Lookup Tables

Single Lookup Table Based Approach

Understanding the Lookup Table Based SIN and COS Implementation

Computing Fixed-point Sine Using SIN

Comparing the Costs of the Fixed-Point Approximation Algorithms

References

Fixed-Point Designer Documentation

Support

Understanding the `CORDICSINCOS` Sine and Cosine Code

Computing Fixed-point Sine with `cordicsin`

Accelerating the Fixed-Point `CORDICSINCOS` Function with `FIACCEL`

Calculating `SIN` and `COS` Using Lookup Tables

Understanding the Lookup Table Based `SIN` and `COS` Implementation

Computing Fixed-point Sine Using `SIN`