Battery

Behavioral battery model

Library:
Simscape / Electrical / Sources

Description

The Battery block represents a simple battery model. The block has four modeling variants, accessible by right-clicking the block in your block diagram and then selecting the appropriate option from the context menu, under Simscape > Block choices:

Uninstrumented | No thermal port — Basic model that does not output battery charge level or simulate thermal effects. This modeling variant is the default.
Uninstrumented | Show thermal port — Model with exposed thermal port. This model does not measure internal charge level of the battery.
Instrumented | No thermal port — Model with exposed charge output port. This model does not simulate thermal effects.
Instrumented | Show thermal port — Model that lets you measure internal charge level of the battery and simulate thermal effects. Both the thermal port and the charge output port are exposed.

The instrumented variants have an extra physical signal port that outputs the internal state of charge. Use this functionality to change load behavior as a function of state of charge, without the complexity of building a charge state estimator.

The thermal port variants expose a thermal port, which represents the battery thermal mass. When you select this option, provide additional parameters to define battery behavior at a second temperature. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

The battery equivalent circuit is made up of the fundamental battery model, the self-discharge resistance R_SD, the charge dynamics model, and the series resistance R₀.

Battery Model

If you select Infinite for the Battery charge capacity parameter, the block models the battery as a series resistor and a constant voltage source. If you select Finite for the Battery charge capacity parameter, the block models the battery as a series resistor and a charge-dependent voltage source. In the finite case, the voltage is a function of charge and has the following relationship:

$V = V_{0} (\frac{SOC}{1 - β (1 - SOC)})$

where:

SOC (state-of-charge) is the ratio of current charge to rated battery capacity.
V₀ is the voltage when the battery is fully charged at no load, as defined by the Nominal voltage, Vnom parameter.
β is a constant that is calculated so that the battery voltage is V1 when the charge is AH1. Specify the voltage V1 and ampere-hour rating AH1 using block parameters. AH1 is the charge when the no-load (open-circuit) voltage is V1, and V1 is less than the nominal voltage.

The equation defines an approximate relationship between voltage and remaining charge. This approximation replicates the increasing rate of voltage drop at low charge values, and ensures that the battery voltage becomes zero when the charge level is zero. The advantage of this model is that it requires few parameters, which are readily available on most datasheets.

Modeling Battery Fade

For battery models with finite battery charge capacity, you can model battery performance deterioration depending on the number of discharge cycles. This deterioration is referred to as battery fade. To enable battery fade, set the Battery fade parameter to Enabled. This setting exposes additional parameters in the Fade section.

The block implements battery fade by scaling certain battery parameter values that you specify in the Main section, depending on the number of completed discharge cycles. The block uses multipliers λ_AH, λ_R0, and λ_V1 on the Ampere-hour rating, Internal resistance, and Voltage V1 when charge is AH1 parameter values, respectively. These multipliers, in turn, depend on the number of discharge cycles:

$λ_{A H} = 1 - k_{1} N^{0.5}$

$λ_{R 0} = 1 + k_{2} N^{0.5}$

$λ_{V 1} = 1 - k_{3} N$

$N = N_{0} + \frac{1}{A H} \int_{0}^{t} \frac{i (t) \cdot H (i (t))}{λ_{A H} (t)} d t$

where:

λ_AH is the multiplier for battery nominal capacity.
λ_R0 is the multiplier for battery series resistance.
λ_V1 is the multiplier for voltage V1.
N is the number of discharge cycles completed.
N₀ is the number of full discharge cycles completed before the start of the simulation.
AH is the rated battery capacity in ampere-hours.
i(t) is the instantaneous battery output current.
H(i(t)) is the Heaviside function of the instantaneous battery output current. This function returns 0 if the argument is negative, and 1 if the argument is positive.

The block calculates the coefficients k₁, k₂, and k₃ by substituting the parameter values you provide in the Fade section into these battery equations. For example, the default set of block parameters corresponds to the following coefficient values:

k₁ = 1e-2
k₂ = 1e-3
k₃ = 1e-3

You can also define a starting point for a simulation based on the previous charge-discharge history by using the high-priority variable Discharge cycles. For more information, see Variables.

Modeling Thermal Effects

For thermal variants of the block, you provide additional parameters to define battery behavior at a second temperature. The extended equations for the voltage when the thermal port is exposed are:

$V = V_{0 T} (\frac{SOC}{1 - β_{T} (1 - SOC)})$

$V_{0 T} = V_{0} (1 + λ_{V} (T - T_{1}))$

where:

T is the battery temperature.
T₁ is the nominal measurement temperature.
λ_V is the parameter temperature dependence coefficient for V₀.
$β_{T} = β [1 + λ_{β} (T - T_{1})] .$
λ_β is the parameter temperature dependence coefficient for β.
β is calculated in the same way as Battery Model, using the temperature-modified nominal voltage V_0T.

The internal series resistance, self-discharge resistance, and any charge-dynamic resistances are also functions of temperature:

$R_{T} = R (1 + λ_{R} (T - T_{1}))$

where λ_R is the parameter temperature dependence coefficient.

All the temperature dependence coefficients are determined from the corresponding values you provide at the nominal and second measurement temperatures. If you include charge dynamics in the model, the time constants vary with temperature in the same way.

The battery temperature is determined from a summation of all the ohmic losses included in the model:

$M_{t h} \dot{T} = \sum_{i} V_{T, i}^{2} / R_{T, i}$

where:

M_th is the battery thermal mass.
i corresponds to the ith ohmic loss contributor. Depending on how you have configured the block, the losses include:
- Series resistance
- Self-discharge resistance
- First charge dynamics segment
- Second charge dynamics segment
- Third charge dynamics segment
- Fourth charge dynamics segment
- Fifth charge dynamics segment
V_T,i is the voltage drop across resistor i.
R_T,i is resistor i.

Modeling Charge Dynamics

You can model battery charge dynamics using the Charge dynamics parameter:

No dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains no parallel RC sections. There is no delay between terminal voltage and internal charging voltage of the battery.
One time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains one parallel RC section. Specify the time constant using the First time constant parameter.
Two time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains two parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant and Second time constant parameters.
Three time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains three parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, and Third time constant parameters.
Four time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains four parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, Third time constant, and Fourth time constant parameters.
Five time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains five parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, Third time constant, Fourth time constant, and Fifth time constant parameters.

This figure shows the equivalent circuit for the block configured with two time-constant dynamics.

In the diagram:

R_RC1 and R_RC2 are the parallel RC resistances. Specify these values with the First polarization resistance and Second polarization resistance parameters, respectively.
C_RC1 and C_RC2 are the parallel RC capacitances. The time constant τ for each parallel section relates the R and C values using the relationship $C = τ / R$ . Specify τ for each section using the First time constant and Second time constant parameters, respectively.
R₀ is the series resistance. Specify this value with the Internal resistance parameter.

Plotting Voltage-Charge Characteristics

A quick plot feature lets you visualize the voltage-charge characteristic for the battery model parameter values. To plot the characteristics, right-click a Battery block in your model and, from the context menu, select Electrical > Basic characteristic. The software automatically computes a set of bias conditions, based on the block parameter values, and opens a figure window containing a plot of no-load voltage versus the state-of-charge (SOC) for the block. For more information, see Plot Basic Characteristics for Battery Blocks.

Variables

Use the Variables section of the block interface to set the priority and initial target values for the block variables prior to simulation. For more information, see Set Priority and Initial Target for Block Variables.

Unlike block parameters, variables do not have conditional visibility. The Variables section lists all the existing block variables. If a variable is not used in the set of equations corresponding to the selected block configuration, the values specified for this variable are ignored.

When you model battery fade, the Discharge cycles variable lets you specify the number of charge-discharge cycles completed prior to the start of simulation. If you disable battery fade modeling, this variable is not used by the block.

Assumptions and Limitations

The self-discharge resistance is assumed not to depend strongly on the number of discharge cycles.
For the thermal variant of the battery, you provide fade data only for the reference temperature operation. The block applies the same derived λ_AH, λ_R0, and λ_V1 multipliers to parameter values corresponding to the second temperature.
When using the thermal block variants, use caution when operating at temperatures outside of the temperature range bounded by the Measurement temperature and Second measurement temperature values. The block uses linear interpolation for the derived equation coefficients, and simulation results can become nonphysical outside of the specified range. The block checks that the internal series resistance, self-discharge resistance, and nominal voltage always remain positive. If there is a violation, the block issues error messages.

Ports

Output

expand all

`q` — Battery charge level, C
physical signal

Physical signal port that outputs the internal charge, in the units of coulomb (C). Use this output port to change load behavior as a function of charge, without the complexity of building a charge state estimator.

Dependencies

Enabled for the instrumented variants of the block: Instrumented | No thermal port and Instrumented | Show thermal port.

Conserving

expand all

`+` — Positive terminal
electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the battery positive terminal.

`-` — Negative terminal
electrical

Electrical conserving port associated with the battery negative terminal.

`H` — Battery thermal mass
thermal

Thermal conserving port that represents the battery thermal mass. When you expose this port, provide additional parameters to define battery behavior at a second temperature. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

Dependencies

Enabled for the thermal variants of the block: Uninstrumented | Show thermal port and Instrumented | Show thermal port.

Parameters

expand all

Main

`Nominal voltage, Vnom` — Output voltage when battery is fully charged
`12` `V` (default) | positive number

The no-load voltage across the battery when it is fully charged.

`Current directionality` — Enable direction of current
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

Whether to enable current directionality. If you set this parameter to Enabled, the terminal resistance depends on the direction of the current.

`Internal resistance` — Battery internal resistance
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

Internal connection resistance of the battery.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Current directionality to Disabled.

`Internal resistance during charge phase` — Battery internal resistance during charge
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

Internal connection resistance of the battery during charge phase.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Current directionality to Enabled.

`Internal resistance during discharge phase` — Battery internal resistance during discharge
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

Internal connection resistance of the battery during discharge phase.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Current directionality to Enabled.

`Battery charge capacity` — Select battery model
`Infinite` (default) | `Finite`

Select one of the options for modeling the charge capacity of the battery:

Infinite — The battery voltage is independent of charge drawn from the battery.
Finite — The battery voltage decreases as charge decreases.

`Ampere-hour rating` — Nominal battery capacity when fully charged
`50` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

The maximum (nominal) battery charge in ampere-hours. To specify a target value for the initial battery charge at the start of simulation, use the high-priority Charge variable. For more information, see Variables.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter is set to Finite.

`Voltage V1 when charge is AH1` — Output voltage at charge level AH1
`11.5` `V` (default) | positive number

The fundamental battery output voltage when the charge level is AH1, as specified by the Charge AH1 when no-load voltage is V1 parameter. This parameter must be less than Nominal voltage, Vnom.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter is set to Finite.

`Charge AH1 when no-load voltage is V1` — Charge level when the no-load output voltage is V1
`25` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

The battery charge level corresponding to the no-load output voltage specified by the Voltage V1 when charge is AH1 parameter.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter is set to Finite.

`Self-discharge` — Select whether to model the self-discharge resistance of the battery
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

Select whether to model the self-discharge resistance of the battery. The block models this effect as a resistor across the terminals of the fundamental battery model.

As temperature increases, self-discharge resistance decreases, causing self-discharge to increase. If the decrease in resistance is too fast, thermal runaway of the battery and numerical instability can occur. You can resolve this by doing any of the following:

Decrease the thermal resistance
Decrease the gradient of the self-discharge resistance with respect to temperature
Increase the self-discharge resistance

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter is set to Finite.

`Self-discharge resistance` — Resistance that represents battery self-discharge
`2000` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance across the fundamental battery model that represents battery self-discharge.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Self-discharge parameter is set to Enabled.

`Measurement temperature` — Temperature at which the block parameters are measured
`298.15` `K` (default) | positive number

Temperature T₁, at which the block parameters in the Main section are measured. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

Dependencies

Enabled for blocks with exposed thermal port.

Dynamics

`Charge dynamics` — Battery charge dynamics model
`No dynamics` (default) | `One time-constant dynamics` | `Two time-constant dynamics` | `Three time-constant dynamics` | `Four time-constant dynamics` | `Five time-constant dynamics`

Select how to model battery charge dynamics. This parameter determines the number of parallel RC sections in the equivalent circuit:

No dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains no parallel RC sections. There is no delay between terminal voltage and internal charging voltage of the battery.
One time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains one parallel RC section. Specify the time constant using the First time constant parameter.
Two time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains two parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant and Second time constant parameters.
Three time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains three parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, and Third time constant parameters.
Four time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains four parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, Third time constant, and Fourth time constant parameters.
Five time-constant dynamics — The equivalent circuit contains five parallel RC sections. Specify the time constants using the First time constant, Second time constant, Third time constant, Fourth time constant, and Fifth time constant parameters.

`First polarization resistance` — First RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the first parallel RC section. This parameter primarily affects the ohmic losses of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to One time-constant dynamics, Two time-constant dynamics, Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`First time constant` — First RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the first parallel RC section. This value is equal to RC and affects the dynamics of the RC section.

Dependencies

`Second polarization resistance` — Second RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the second parallel RC section. This parameter primarily affects the ohmic losses of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Two time-constant dynamics, Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Second time constant` — Second RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the second parallel RC section. This value is equal to RC and affects the dynamics of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Two time-constant dynamics, Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Third polarization resistance` — Third RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the third parallel RC section. This parameter primarily affects the ohmic losses of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Third time constant` — Third RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the third parallel RC section. This value is equal to RC and affects the dynamics of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fourth polarization resistance` — Fourth RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the fourth parallel RC section. This parameter primarily affects the ohmic losses of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Four time-constant dynamics or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fourth time constant` — Fourth RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the fourth parallel RC section. This value is equal to RC and affects the dynamics of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Four time-constant dynamics or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fifth polarization resistance` — Fifth RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the fifth parallel RC section. This parameter primarily affects the ohmic losses of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fifth time constant` — Fifth RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the fifth parallel RC section. This value is equal to RC and affects the dynamics of the RC section.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Five time-constant dynamics.

Fade

`Battery fade` — Select whether to model battery performance deterioration with aging
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

Select whether to include battery fade modeling:

Disabled — The battery performance is not age dependent.
Enabled — The battery performance changes depending on the number of completed charge-discharge cycles. Selecting this option exposes additional parameters in this section, which define the battery performance after a certain number of discharge cycles. The block uses these parameter values to calculate the scaling coefficients k₁, k₂, and k₃. For more information, see Modeling Battery Fade.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter in the Main section is set to Finite. If Battery charge capacity is Infinite, the Fade section is empty.

`Number of discharge cycles, N` — Number of cycles that defines a second set of data points
`100` (default) | positive number

The number of charge-discharge cycles after which the other parameters in this section are measured. This second set of data points defines the scaling coefficients k₁, k₂, and k₃, used in modeling battery fade.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery fade parameter is set to Enabled.

`Ampere-hour rating after N discharge cycles` — Maximum battery capacity after N discharge cycles
`45` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

The maximum battery charge, in ampere-hours, after the number of discharge cycles specified by the Number of discharge cycles, N parameter.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery fade parameter is set to Enabled.

`Internal resistance after N discharge cycles` — Battery internal resistance after N discharge cycles
`2.02` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The battery internal resistance after the number of discharge cycles specified by the Number of discharge cycles, N parameter.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery fade parameter is set to Enabled and Current Directionality is set to Disabled.

`Average internal resistance after N discharge cycles` — Battery average internal resistance after N discharge cycles
`2.02` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

Average of the battery charge and discharge internal resistance after the number of discharge cycles specified by the Number of discharge cycles, N parameter.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Battery fade and Current directionality to Enabled.

`Voltage V1 at charge AH1 after N discharge cycles` — Output voltage at charge level AH1 after N discharge cycles
`10.35` `V` (default) | positive number

The fundamental battery model output voltage, at charge level AH1, after the number of discharge cycles specified by the Number of discharge cycles, N parameter.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery fade parameter is set to Enabled.

Temperature Dependence

This section appears only for blocks with exposed thermal port. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

`Nominal voltage at second measurement temperature` — Output voltage when battery is fully charged
`12` `V` (default) | positive number

The no-load voltage across the battery at the second measurement temperature when it is fully charged.

`Internal resistance at second measurement temperature` — Battery internal resistance
`2.2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

Internal connection resistance of the battery at the second measurement temperature.

`Voltage V1 at second measurement temperature` — Output voltage at charge level AH1
`11.4` `V` (default) | positive number

The fundamental battery model output voltage at the second measurement temperature and at charge level AH1, as specified by the Charge AH1 when no-load voltage is V1 parameter.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Battery charge capacity parameter in the Main section is set to Finite.

`Self-discharge resistance at second measurement temperature` — Resistance that represents battery self-discharge
`2200` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance across the fundamental battery model at the second measurement temperature. This resistance represents the self-discharge.

Dependencies

Enabled when the Self-discharge resistance parameter in the Main section is set to Enabled.

`First polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — First RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the first parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

`First time constant at second measurement temperature` — First RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the first parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

`Second polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Second RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the second parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Two time-constant dynamics, Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Second time constant at second measurement temperature` — Second RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the second parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Two time-constant dynamics, Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Third polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Third RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the third parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Third time constant at second measurement temperature` — Third RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the third parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Three time-constant dynamics, Four time-constant dynamics, or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fourth polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Fourth RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the fourth parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Four time-constant dynamics or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fourth time constant at second measurement temperature` — Fourth RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the fourth parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Four time-constant dynamics or Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fifth polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Fifth RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

The resistance of the fifth parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Five time-constant dynamics.

`Fifth time constant at second measurement temperature` — Fifth RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

The time constant of the fifth parallel RC section at the second measurement temperature.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, set Charge dynamics to Five time-constant dynamics.

`Second measurement temperature` — Temperature at which the block parameters in this section are measured
`273.15` `K` (default) | positive number

Temperature T₂, at which the block parameters in the Temperature Dependence section are measured. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

To specify the initial temperature at the start of simulation, use the high-priority Temperature variable. For more information, see Variables.

Thermal Port

This section appears only for blocks with exposed thermal port. For more information, see Modeling Thermal Effects.

`Thermal mass` — Thermal mass associated with the thermal port
`30000` `J/K` (default) | positive number

Thermal mass associated with the thermal port H. It represents the energy required to raise the temperature of the thermal port by one degree.

Model Examples

HV Battery Charge/Discharge

A high-voltage battery like those used in hybrid electric vehicles. The model uses a realistic DC-link current profile, which originates from a dynamic driving cycle. The total simulation time is 3600 seconds.

Lead-Acid Battery

Model a lead-acid battery cell using the Simscape™ language to implement the nonlinear equations of the equivalent circuit components. In this way, as opposed to modeling entirely in Simulink®, the connection between model components and the defining physical equations is more easily understood. For the defining equations and their validation, see Jackey, R. "A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid Battery Modeling Process for Electrical System Component Selection", SAE World Congress & Exhibition, April 2007, ref. 2007-01-0778.

References

[1] Ramadass, P., B. Haran, R. E. White, and B. N. Popov. “Mathematical modeling of the capacity fade of Li-ion cells.” Journal of Power Sources. 123 (2003), pp. 230–240.

[2] Ning, G., B. Haran, and B. N. Popov. “Capacity fade study of lithium-ion batteries cycled at high discharge rates.” Journal of Power Sources. 117 (2003), pp. 160–169.

Documentation

Battery

Description

Battery Model

Modeling Battery Fade

Modeling Thermal Effects

Modeling Charge Dynamics

Plotting Voltage-Charge Characteristics

Variables

Assumptions and Limitations

Ports

Output

q — Battery charge level, C physical signal

Dependencies

Conserving

+ — Positive terminal electrical

- — Negative terminal electrical

H — Battery thermal mass thermal

Dependencies

Parameters

Main

Nominal voltage, Vnom — Output voltage when battery is fully charged 12 V (default) | positive number

Current directionality — Enable direction of current Disabled (default) | Enabled

Internal resistance — Battery internal resistance 2 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Internal resistance during charge phase — Battery internal resistance during charge 2 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Internal resistance during discharge phase — Battery internal resistance during discharge 2 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Battery charge capacity — Select battery model Infinite (default) | Finite

Ampere-hour rating — Nominal battery capacity when fully charged 50 hr*A (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Voltage V1 when charge is AH1 — Output voltage at charge level AH1 11.5 V (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Charge AH1 when no-load voltage is V1 — Charge level when the no-load output voltage is V1 25 hr*A (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Self-discharge — Select whether to model the self-discharge resistance of the battery Disabled (default) | Enabled

Dependencies

Self-discharge resistance — Resistance that represents battery self-discharge 2000 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Measurement temperature — Temperature at which the block parameters are measured 298.15 K (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Dynamics

Charge dynamics — Battery charge dynamics model No dynamics (default) | One time-constant dynamics | Two time-constant dynamics | Three time-constant dynamics | Four time-constant dynamics | Five time-constant dynamics

First polarization resistance — First RC resistance 0.005 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

First time constant — First RC time constant 30 s (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Second polarization resistance — Second RC resistance 0.005 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Second time constant — Second RC time constant 30 s (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Third polarization resistance — Third RC resistance 0.005 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Third time constant — Third RC time constant 30 s (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Fourth polarization resistance — Fourth RC resistance 0.005 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Fourth time constant — Fourth RC time constant 30 s (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Fifth polarization resistance — Fifth RC resistance 0.005 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Fifth time constant — Fifth RC time constant 30 s (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Fade

Battery fade — Select whether to model battery performance deterioration with aging Disabled (default) | Enabled

Dependencies

Number of discharge cycles, N — Number of cycles that defines a second set of data points 100 (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Ampere-hour rating after N discharge cycles — Maximum battery capacity after N discharge cycles 45 hr*A (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Internal resistance after N discharge cycles — Battery internal resistance after N discharge cycles 2.02 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Average internal resistance after N discharge cycles — Battery average internal resistance after N discharge cycles 2.02 Ohm (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Voltage V1 at charge AH1 after N discharge cycles — Output voltage at charge level AH1 after N discharge cycles 10.35 V (default) | positive number

Dependencies

Temperature Dependence

Nominal voltage at second measurement temperature — Output voltage when battery is fully charged 12 V (default) | positive number

Internal resistance at second measurement temperature — Battery internal resistance 2.2 Ohm (default) | positive number

`q` — Battery charge level, C
physical signal

`+` — Positive terminal
electrical

`-` — Negative terminal
electrical

`H` — Battery thermal mass
thermal

`Nominal voltage, Vnom` — Output voltage when battery is fully charged
`12` `V` (default) | positive number

`Current directionality` — Enable direction of current
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

`Internal resistance` — Battery internal resistance
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Internal resistance during charge phase` — Battery internal resistance during charge
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Internal resistance during discharge phase` — Battery internal resistance during discharge
`2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Battery charge capacity` — Select battery model
`Infinite` (default) | `Finite`

`Ampere-hour rating` — Nominal battery capacity when fully charged
`50` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

`Voltage V1 when charge is AH1` — Output voltage at charge level AH1
`11.5` `V` (default) | positive number

`Charge AH1 when no-load voltage is V1` — Charge level when the no-load output voltage is V1
`25` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

`Self-discharge` — Select whether to model the self-discharge resistance of the battery
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

`Self-discharge resistance` — Resistance that represents battery self-discharge
`2000` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Measurement temperature` — Temperature at which the block parameters are measured
`298.15` `K` (default) | positive number

`Charge dynamics` — Battery charge dynamics model
`No dynamics` (default) | `One time-constant dynamics` | `Two time-constant dynamics` | `Three time-constant dynamics` | `Four time-constant dynamics` | `Five time-constant dynamics`

`First polarization resistance` — First RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`First time constant` — First RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Second polarization resistance` — Second RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Second time constant` — Second RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Third polarization resistance` — Third RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Third time constant` — Third RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Fourth polarization resistance` — Fourth RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Fourth time constant` — Fourth RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Fifth polarization resistance` — Fifth RC resistance
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Fifth time constant` — Fifth RC time constant
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Battery fade` — Select whether to model battery performance deterioration with aging
`Disabled` (default) | `Enabled`

`Number of discharge cycles, N` — Number of cycles that defines a second set of data points
`100` (default) | positive number

`Ampere-hour rating after N discharge cycles` — Maximum battery capacity after N discharge cycles
`45` `hr*A` (default) | positive number

`Internal resistance after N discharge cycles` — Battery internal resistance after N discharge cycles
`2.02` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Average internal resistance after N discharge cycles` — Battery average internal resistance after N discharge cycles
`2.02` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Voltage V1 at charge AH1 after N discharge cycles` — Output voltage at charge level AH1 after N discharge cycles
`10.35` `V` (default) | positive number

`Nominal voltage at second measurement temperature` — Output voltage when battery is fully charged
`12` `V` (default) | positive number

`Internal resistance at second measurement temperature` — Battery internal resistance
`2.2` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Voltage V1 at second measurement temperature` — Output voltage at charge level AH1
`11.4` `V` (default) | positive number

`Self-discharge resistance at second measurement temperature` — Resistance that represents battery self-discharge
`2200` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`First polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — First RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`First time constant at second measurement temperature` — First RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Second polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Second RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Second time constant at second measurement temperature` — Second RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Third polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Third RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Third time constant at second measurement temperature` — Third RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Fourth polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Fourth RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Fourth time constant at second measurement temperature` — Fourth RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Fifth polarization resistance at second measurement temperature` — Fifth RC resistance at second measurement temperature
`0.005` `Ohm` (default) | positive number

`Fifth time constant at second measurement temperature` — Fifth RC time constant at second measurement temperature
`30` `s` (default) | positive number

`Second measurement temperature` — Temperature at which the block parameters in this section are measured
`273.15` `K` (default) | positive number

`Thermal mass` — Thermal mass associated with the thermal port
`30000` `J/K` (default) | positive number

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