TPC Decoder

Turbo product code (TPC) decoder

Library:
Communications Toolbox / Error Detection and Correction / Block

Description

The TPC Decoder block performs 2-D turbo product code (TPC) decoding of the soft input LLRs corresponding to the product code iteratively, using Chase-Pyndiah algorithm. The product code is a 2-D concatenation of linear block codes. The linear block code can be a parity check code, a Hamming code, or a BCH code capable of correcting two errors. Extended and shortened codes can be applied independently on each dimension. For a description of 2-D TPC decoding, see Turbo Product Code Decoding.

For information about valid code pairs and the error-correcting capability for each valid code pair, see Component Code Pairs.

Ports

Input

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`In` — Log likelihood ratios
column vector

Log likelihood ratios, specified as a column vector.

For full-length input messages, the length of the column vector is the product of Number of rows in code, Nr and Number of columns in code, Nc.
For shortened input messages, the length of the column vector is the product of (N_R–K_R+S_R) and (N_C–K_C+S_C), where:
- N_R is the value of Number of rows in code, Nr.
- K_R is the value of Number of rows in message, Kr.
- S_R is the value of Number of rows in shortened message, Sr.
- N_C is the value of Number of columns in code, Nc.
- K_C is the value of Number of columns in message, Kc.
- S_C is the value of Number of columns in shortened message, Sc.

Data Types: double | single

Output

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`Out` — TPC decoded message
column vector

TPC decoded message, returned as a column vector of binary values.

For full-length input messages, the length of the column vector is the product of Number of rows in message, Kr and Number of columns in message, Kc.
For shortened input messages, the length of the column vector is the product of Number of rows in shortened message, Sr and Number of columns in shortened message, Sc.

Data Types: Boolean

`Iter` — Actual number of decoding iterations
positive integer

Actual number of decoding iterations, returned as a positive integer.

Dependencies

To enable this port, select Output number of iterations executed.

Data Types: double

Parameters

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Row TPC parameters

`Extended codes` — Extended codes indicator for TPC row parameters
`on` (default) | `off`

When Extended codes is selected, the lists for Number of rows in code, Nr and Number of rows in message, Kr contain the valid values for extended individual code pairs (N_R,K_R).
When Extended codes is cleared, the lists for Number of rows in code, Nr and Number of rows in message, Kr contain the valid values for nonextended individual code pairs (N_R,K_R).

`Number of rows in code, Nr` — Number of rows in product code matrix
`16` (default) | integer

Number of rows in the product code matrix, N_R. The list of integer values varies depending on the setting for Extended codes.

`Number of rows in message, Kr` — Number of rows in message matrix
`11` (default) | integer

Number of rows in the message matrix, K_R. The list of integer values varies depending on the setting for Extended codes and Number of rows in code, Nr.

`Specify shortened message length` — Specify shortened message length for rows
`off` (default) | `on`

Select Specify shortened message length to specify a value for Number of rows in shortened message, Sr.

`Number of rows in shortened message, Sr` — Number of rows in shortened message matrix
`9` (default) | integer

Number of rows in the shortened message matrix, S_R, specified as an integer less than or equal to K_R. When you specify this parameter, provide full-length N_R and K_R values to specify the (N_R,K_R) code pair. This code pair is then shortened to the (N_R–K_R+S_R,S_R) code pair, where:

N_R is the value of Number of rows in code, Nr.
K_R is the value of Number of rows in message, Kr.
S_R is the value of Number of rows in shortened message, Sr.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Specify shortened message length.

Data Types: double

Column TPC parameters

`Extended codes` — Extended codes indicator for TPC column parameters
`on` (default) | `off`

When Extended codes is selected, the lists for Number of columns in code, Nc and Number of columns in message, Kc contain the valid values for extended individual code pairs (N_C,K_C).
When Extended codes is cleared, the lists for Number of columns in code, Nc and Number of columns in message, Kc contain the valid values for nonextended individual code pairs (N_C,K_C).

`Number of columns in code, Nc` — Number of columns in product code matrix
`32` (default) | integer

Number of columns in the product code matrix, N_C. The list of integer values varies depending on the setting for Extended codes.

`Number of columns in message, Kc` — Number of columns in message matrix
`26` (default) | integer

Number of columns in the message matrix, K_C. The list of integer values varies depending on the setting for Extended codes and Number of columns in code, Nc.

`Specify shortened message length` — Specify shortened message length for columns
`off` (default) | `on`

Select Specify shortened message length to specify a value for Number of columns in shortened message, Sc.

`Number of columns in shortened message, Sc` — Number of columns in shortened message matrix
`22` (default) | integer

Number of columns in the shortened message matrix, S_C, specified as an integer. When you specify this parameter, provide full-length N_C and K_C values to specify the (N_C,K_C) code pair. This code pair is then shortened to the (N_C–K_C+S_C, S_C) code pair, where:

N_C is the value of Number of columns in code, Nc.
K_C is the value of Number of columns in message, Kc.
S_C is the value of Number of columns in shortened message, Sc.

Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Specify shortened message length.

Data Types: double

`Maximum number of iterations` — Maximum number of decoding iterations
`4` (default) | positive integer

Maximum number of decoding iterations, specified as a positive integer.

Data Types: double

`Stop iterating when code converges` — Stop decoding based on the calculated syndrome or parity-check of the component code
`on` (default) | `off`

Select Stop iterating when code converges to terminate decoding early if the calculated syndrome or parity-check of the component code evaluates to zero before Maximum number of iterations.

`Output number of iterations executed` — Output number of iterations executed
`off` (default) | `on`

Select this parameter to add the Iter output port and output the actual number of TPC decoding iterations performed.

`Simulate using` — Type of simulation to run
`Code generation` (default) | `Interpreted execution`

Type of simulation to run, specified as Code generation or Interpreted execution.

Code generation –– Simulate the model by using generated C code. The first time you run a simulation, Simulink^® generates C code for the block. The C code is reused for subsequent simulations unless the model changes. This option requires additional startup time, but the speed of the subsequent simulations is faster than Interpreted execution.
Interpreted execution –– Simulate the model by using the MATLAB^® interpreter. This option requires less startup time than the Code generation method, but the speed of subsequent simulations is slower. In this mode, you can debug the source code of the block.

Model Examples

Turbo Product Code Error Rate Calculation

Perform error rate calculations for a transmission signal that has been TPC encoded and decoded.

Block Characteristics

Data Types	`Boolean` \| `double` \| `single`
Multidimensional Signals	`no`
Variable-Size Signals	`no`

More About

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Component Code Pairs

This table lists the supported component code pairs for the row (N_R,K_R) and column (N_C,K_C) parameters.

N_R and K_R represent the number of rows in the product code matrix and message matrix, respectively.
N_C and K_C represent the number of columns in the product code matrix and message matrix, respectively.

Within each code type, any two component code pairs can form a 2-D TPC code. The table also includes the error-correction capability for each code pair.

Code type	Component Code Pairs(N_R,K_R) and (N_C,K_C)	Error-Correction Capability (T)
Hamming code	(255,247)	1
	(127,120)	1
	(63,57)	1
	(31,26)	1
	(15,11)	1
	(7,4)	1
Extended Hamming code	(256,247)	1
	(128,120)	1
	(64,57)	1
	(32,26)	1
	(16,11)	1
	(8,4)	1
BCH code	(255,239)	2
	(127,113)	2
	(63,51)	2
	(31,21)	2
	(15,7)	2
Extended BCH code	(256,239)	2
	(128,113)	2
	(64,51)	2
	(32,21)	2
	(16,7)	2
Parity check code	(256,255)	-
	(128,127)	-
	(64,63)	-
	(32,31)	-
	(16,15)	-
	(8,7)	-
	(4,3)	-

Turbo Product Code Decoding

Turbo product codes (TPC) are a form of concatenated codes used as forward error correcting (FEC) codes. Two or more component block codes, such as systematic linear block codes, are used to construct TPCs. The TPC decoder achieves near-optimum decoding of product codes using Chase decoding and the Pyndiah algorithm to perform iterative soft input, soft output decoding. For a detailed description, see [1] and [2]. This decoder implements an iterative soft input, soft output 2-D product code decoding, as described in [2], using two Linear Block Codes. The decoder expects the soft bit log likelihood ratios (LLRs) obtained from digital demodulation as the input signal.

The TPC decoder accepts either full-length or shortened codes.

TPC Decoding Full-Length Messages

TPC encoded full-length input messages are decoded using specified 2-D TPC code pairs. Row-wise decoding uses the (N_C,K_C) code pair and column-wise decoding uses the (N_R,K_R) code pair. The input vector length must be N_R × N_C. To perform the 2-D TPC decoding, the column vector of the input LLRs, composed of the message and parity bits, is arranged into an N_R-by-N_C matrix.

The TPC decoder achieves near-optimum decoding of product codes using Chase decoding and the Pyndiah algorithm to perform iterative soft input, soft output decoding. Chase decoding forms a set of possible codewords for each row or column. The Pyndiah algorithm calculates soft information required for the next decoding step.

Iterative Soft Input, Soft Output Decoder

The iterative soft input, soft output decoding, as shown in the block diagram, carries out two decoding steps for each iteration.

The soft inputs for decoding are R(m) = R + α(m)W(m).

Iteration loop counter i increments from i = 1 to the specified number of iterations.
m = 2i – 1 is the decoding step index.
R is the received LLR matrix.
R(m) is the soft input for the mth decoding step.
W(m) is the input extrinsic information for the mth decoding step.
α(m) = [0,0.2,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9,1,1, ...], where α is a weighting factor applied based on the decoding step index. For higher decoding steps, α = 1.
β(m) = [0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,1, ...], where β is a reliability factor applied based on the decoding step index. For higher decoding steps, β = 1.
D contains the decoded message bits. The output message bits are formed from D by mapping –1 to 0 and +1 to 1, then reshaping the message block into a column vector.

The output message bits are formed after iterating through the specified number of iterations, or, if early termination is enabled, after code convergence.

Early Termination of TPC Decoding

If early termination is enabled, a code convergence check is performed on the hard decision of the soft input in each row-wise and column-wise decoding step. Early termination can be triggered after either the row-wise decoding or column-wise decoding converges.

The code is converged if, for all rows or all columns,

The syndrome evaluates to zero in the codes (Hamming codes, Extended Hamming codes, BCH codes, or Extended BCH codes).
The parity check is evaluated to zero in parity check codes.

The reported number of iterations evaluates to the iteration value that is currently in progress. For example, if the code convergence check is satisfied after row-wise decoding in the third iteration (after 2.5 decoding steps), then the number of iteration returned is 3.

TPC Decoding Shortened Messages

References

[1] Chase, D. "Class of Algorithms for Decoding Block Codes with Channel Measurement Information." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Volume 18, Number 1, January 1972, pp. 170–182.

[2] Pyndiah, R. M. "Near-Optimum Decoding of Product Codes: Block Turbo Codes." IEEE Transactions on Communications. Vol. 46, Number 8, August 1998, pp. 1003–1010.

Documentation

TPC Decoder

Description

Ports

Input

In — Log likelihood ratios column vector

Output

Out — TPC decoded message column vector

Iter — Actual number of decoding iterations positive integer

Dependencies

Parameters

Extended codes — Extended codes indicator for TPC row parameters on (default) | off

Number of rows in code, Nr — Number of rows in product code matrix 16 (default) | integer

Number of rows in message, Kr — Number of rows in message matrix 11 (default) | integer

Specify shortened message length — Specify shortened message length for rows off (default) | on

Number of rows in shortened message, Sr — Number of rows in shortened message matrix 9 (default) | integer

Dependencies

Extended codes — Extended codes indicator for TPC column parameters on (default) | off

Number of columns in code, Nc — Number of columns in product code matrix 32 (default) | integer

Number of columns in message, Kc — Number of columns in message matrix 26 (default) | integer

Specify shortened message length — Specify shortened message length for columns off (default) | on

Number of columns in shortened message, Sc — Number of columns in shortened message matrix 22 (default) | integer

Dependencies

Maximum number of iterations — Maximum number of decoding iterations 4 (default) | positive integer

Stop iterating when code converges — Stop decoding based on the calculated syndrome or parity-check of the component code on (default) | off

Output number of iterations executed — Output number of iterations executed off (default) | on

Simulate using — Type of simulation to run Code generation (default) | Interpreted execution

Model Examples

Turbo Product Code Error Rate Calculation

Block Characteristics

More About

Component Code Pairs

Turbo Product Code Decoding

References

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.

See Also

Blocks

Functions

Communications Toolbox Documentation

Support

`In` — Log likelihood ratios
column vector

`Out` — TPC decoded message
column vector

`Iter` — Actual number of decoding iterations
positive integer

`Extended codes` — Extended codes indicator for TPC row parameters
`on` (default) | `off`

`Number of rows in code, Nr` — Number of rows in product code matrix
`16` (default) | integer

`Number of rows in message, Kr` — Number of rows in message matrix
`11` (default) | integer

`Specify shortened message length` — Specify shortened message length for rows
`off` (default) | `on`

`Number of rows in shortened message, Sr` — Number of rows in shortened message matrix
`9` (default) | integer

`Extended codes` — Extended codes indicator for TPC column parameters
`on` (default) | `off`

`Number of columns in code, Nc` — Number of columns in product code matrix
`32` (default) | integer

`Number of columns in message, Kc` — Number of columns in message matrix
`26` (default) | integer

`Specify shortened message length` — Specify shortened message length for columns
`off` (default) | `on`

`Number of columns in shortened message, Sc` — Number of columns in shortened message matrix
`22` (default) | integer

`Maximum number of iterations` — Maximum number of decoding iterations
`4` (default) | positive integer

`Stop iterating when code converges` — Stop decoding based on the calculated syndrome or parity-check of the component code
`on` (default) | `off`

`Output number of iterations executed` — Output number of iterations executed
`off` (default) | `on`

`Simulate using` — Type of simulation to run
`Code generation` (default) | `Interpreted execution`

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.