comm.RSEncoder

Encode data using Reed-Solomon encoder

Description

The RSEncoder object creates a Reed-Solomon code with message and codeword lengths you specify.

To encode data using a Reed-Solomon encoding scheme:

Define and set up your Reed-Solomon encoder object. See Construction.
Call step to encode data according to the properties of comm.RSEncoder. The behavior of step is specific to each object in the toolbox.

Note

Starting in R2016b, instead of using the step method to perform the operation defined by the System object™, you can call the object with arguments, as if it were a function. For example, y = step(obj,x) and y = obj(x) perform equivalent operations.

Construction

enc = comm.RSEncoder creates a block encoder System object, enc. This object performs Reed-Solomon (RS) encoding.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(N,K) creates an RS encoder object, enc, with the CodewordLength property set to N and the MessageLength property set to K.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,GP) creates an RS encoder object, enc, with the CodewordLength property set to N, the MessageLength property set to K, and the GeneratorPolynomial property set to GP.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,GP,S) creates an RS encoder object, enc, with the CodewordLength property set to N, the MessageLength property set to K, the GeneratorPolynomial property set to GP, and the ShortMessageLength property set to S.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,GP,S,Name,Value) creates an RS encoder object, enc, with the CodewordLength property set to N, the MessageLength property set to K, the GeneratorPolynomial property set to GP, the ShortMessageLength property set to S, and each specified property Name set to the specified Value.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(Name,Value) creates an RS encoder object, enc, with each specified property name set to the specified value. You can specify additional name-value pair arguments in any order as (Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN).

Properties

Note

The input and output signal lengths are listed in Input and Output Signal Lengths in BCH and RS System Objects on the comm.BCHDecoder reference page.

`BitInput`	Assume that input is bits Specify whether the input comprises bits or integers. The default is `false`. When you set this property to `false`, the `step` method input data value must be a numeric, column vector of integers. Each symbol that forms the input message and output codewords is an integer between 0 and 2^M–1. These integers correspond to an element of the finite Galois field `gf`(2^M). M is the degree of the primitive polynomial that you specify with the `PrimitivePolynomialSource` and `PrimitivePolynomial` properties. When you set this property to `true`, the input value must be a numeric, column vector of bits. The encoded data output result is a column vector of bits.
`CodewordLength`	Codeword length Specify the codeword length of the RS code as a double-precision positive integer scalar value. The default is `7`. For a full-length RS code, the value of this property must be 2^M–1, where M is an integer such that 3 ≤ M ≤ 16.
`MessageLength`	Message length Specify the message length as a double-precision positive integer scalar value. The default is `3`.
`ShortMessageLengthSource`	Short message length source Specify the source of the shortened message as `Auto` or `Property`. When this property is set to `Auto`, the RS code is defined by the `CodewordLength`, `MessageLength`, `GeneratorPolynomial`, and `PrimitivePolynomial` properties. When `ShortMessageLengthSource` is set to `Property`, you must specify the `ShortMessageLength` property, which is used with the other properties to define the RS code. The default is `Auto`.
`ShortMessageLength`	Shortened message length Specify the length of the shortened message as a double-precision positive integer scalar whose value must be less than or equal to `MessageLength`. When `ShortMessageLength` < `MessageLength`, the RS code is shortened. The default is `3`.
`GeneratorPolynomialSource`	Source of generator polynomial Specify the source of the generator polynomial as `Auto` or `Property`. The default is `Auto`. When you set this property to `Auto`, the object chooses the generator polynomial automatically. The object calculates the generator polynomial based on the value of the `PrimitivePolynomial` property. When you set `GeneratorPolynomialSource` to `Property`, you must specify a generator polynomial using the `GeneratorPolynomial` property.
`GeneratorPolynomial`	Generator polynomial Specify the generator polynomial for the RS code as a double-precision integer row vector or as a Galois row vector. The Galois row vector entries must be in the range from `0` to `2^M-1`. These entries must represent a generator polynomial in descending order of powers. Each coefficient is an element of the Galois field `gf`(2^M), represented in integer format. The length of the generator polynomial must be `CodewordLength` – `MessageLength` + 1. The default is the result of `rsgenpoly`(7,3,[],[],'double'), which evaluates to a `gf`(2³) array with elements `[1 3 1 2 3]`. This property applies when you set `GeneratorPolynomialSource` to `Property`.
`CheckGeneratorPolynomial`	Enable generator polynomial checking Set this property to `true` to perform a generator polynomial check. The default is `true`. This check verifies that the specified generator polynomial is valid. For larger codes, disabling the check speeds up processing. As a best practice, perform the check at least once before setting this property to `false`. This property applies when `GeneratorPolynomialSource` is set to `Property`.
`PrimitivePolynomialSource`	Source of primitive polynomial Specify the source of the primitive polynomial as `Auto` or `Property`. The default is `Auto`. When you set this property to `Auto`, the object uses a primitive polynomial of degree M = `ceil` (Fixed-Point Designer)(log2(`CodewordLength`+1)). When you set this property to `Property`, you must specify a polynomial using the `PrimitivePolynomial` property.
`PrimitivePolynomial`	Primitive polynomial Specify the primitive polynomial that defines the finite field `gf`(2^M) corresponding to the integers that form messages and codewords. Specify this property as a double-precision, binary row vector that represents a primitive polynomial over `gf`(2) of degree M in descending order of powers. If `CodewordLength` is less than 2^M–1, the object uses a shortened RS code. The default is the result of `fliplr`(`de2bi`(`primpoly`(3))), which is [1 0 1 1] or the polynomial $x^{3} + x + 1$ . This property applies when you set `PrimitivePolynomialSource` to `Property`.
`PuncturePatternSource`	Source of puncture pattern Specify the source of the puncture pattern as `None` or `Property`. The default is `None`. If you set this property to `None`, the object does not apply puncturing to the code. If you set this property to `Property`, the object punctures the code based on a puncture pattern vector specified in the `PuncturePattern` property.
`PuncturePattern`	Puncture pattern vector Specify the pattern used to puncture the encoded data as a double-precision, binary column vector with a length of (`CodewordLength` – `MessageLength`). The default is `[ones(2,1); zeros(2,1)]`. Zeros in the puncture pattern vector indicate the position of the parity symbols that are punctured or excluded from each codeword. This property applies when you set the `PuncturePatternSource` property to `Property`.
`OutputDataType`	Data type of output Specify the output data type as `Same as input`, `double`, or `logical`. The default is `Same as input`. This property applies when you set the `BitInput` property to `true`.

Methods

step	Encode data using a Reed-Solomon encoder

Common to All System Objects
`release`	Allow System object property value changes

Examples

collapse all

Transmit an RS-encoded, 8-DPSK-modulated symbol stream

Open Live Script

Transmit an RS-encoded, 8-DPSK-modulated symbol stream through an AWGN channel. Then, demodulate, decode, and count errors.

    enc = comm.RSEncoder;
    mod = comm.DPSKModulator('BitInput',false);
    chan = comm.AWGNChannel(...
                'NoiseMethod','Signal to noise ratio (SNR)','SNR',10);
    demod = comm.DPSKDemodulator('BitOutput',false);
    hDdecec = comm.RSDecoder;
    errorRate = comm.ErrorRate('ComputationDelay',3);

    for counter = 1:20
      data = randi([0 7], 30, 1);
      encodedData = step(enc, data);
      modSignal = step(mod, encodedData);
      receivedSignal = step(chan, modSignal);
      demodSignal = step(demod, receivedSignal);
      receivedSymbols = step(hDdecec, demodSignal);
      errorStats = step(errorRate, data, receivedSymbols);            
    end      
      
  fprintf('Error rate = %f\nNumber of errors = %d\n', ...
      errorStats(1), errorStats(2))

Error rate = 0.115578
Number of errors = 69

Estimate BER of 8-PSK in AWGN with Reed-Solomon Coding

Open Live Script

Transmit Reed-Solomon encoded data using 8-PSK over an AWGN channel. Demodulate and decode the received signal and collect error statistics. Plot the bit error rate estimate.

Define the example parameters.

M = 8;  % Modulation order
bps = log2(M); % Bits per symbol
N = 7; % RS codeword length
K = 5; % RS message length

Create modulator, demodulator, AWGN channel, and error rate objects.

pskModulator = comm.PSKModulator('ModulationOrder',M,'BitInput',true);
pskDemodulator = comm.PSKDemodulator('ModulationOrder',M,'BitOutput',true);
awgnChannel = comm.AWGNChannel('BitsPerSymbol',bps);
errorRate = comm.ErrorRate;

Create a (7,5) Reed-Solomon encoder and decoder pair which accepts bit inputs.

rsEncoder = comm.RSEncoder('BitInput',true,'CodewordLength',N,'MessageLength',K);
rsDecoder = comm.RSDecoder('BitInput',true,'CodewordLength',N,'MessageLength',K);

Set the range of $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values. Initialize the error statistics matrix.

ebnoVec = (3:0.5:8)';
errorStats = zeros(length(ebnoVec),3);

Estimate the bit error rate for each $E_{b} / N_{0}$ value. The simulation runs until either 100 errors or $1 0^{7}$ bits is encountered. The main simulation loop processing includes encoding, modulation, demodulation, and decoding.

for i = 1:length(ebnoVec)
    awgnChannel.EbNo = ebnoVec(i);
    reset(errorRate)
    while errorStats(i,2) < 100 && errorStats(i,3) < 1e7
        data = randi([0 1],1500,1); % Generate binary data
        encData = rsEncoder(data); % RS encode
        modData = pskModulator(encData); % Modulate
        rxSig = awgnChannel(modData); % Pass signal through AWGN
        rxData = pskDemodulator(rxSig); % Demodulate
        decData = rsDecoder(rxData); % RS decode
        errorStats(i,:) = errorRate(data,decData); % Collect error statistics
    end
end

Fit a curve to the BER data using berfit. Generate an estimate of 8-PSK performance without coding using the berawgn function.

berCurveFit = berfit(ebnoVec,errorStats(:,1));
berNoCoding = berawgn(ebnoVec,'psk',8,'nondiff');

Plot the BER data, the BER curve fit, and the estimated performance without RS coding.

semilogy(ebnoVec,errorStats(:,1),'b*', ...
ebnoVec,berCurveFit,'c-',ebnoVec,berNoCoding,'r')
ylabel('BER')
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)')
legend('Data','Curve Fit','No Coding')
grid

The (7,5) RS code improves the $E_{b} / N_{0}$ required to achieve a $1 0^{- 2}$ bit error rate by, approximately, 1.4 dB.

Transmit a Shortened RS-encoded, 256-QAM-modulated Symbol Stream

Open Live Script

Transmit a shortened RS-encoded, 256-QAM-modulated symbol stream through an AWGN channel. Then demodulate, decode, and count errors.

Set the parameters for the Reed-Solomon code, where N is the codeword length, K is the nominal message length, and S is the shortened message length. Set the modulation order, M, and the number of frames, L.

N = 255;
K = 239;
S = 188;
M = 256;
L = 50;

Create an AWGN channel System object and an error rate System object.

awgnChan = comm.AWGNChannel('NoiseMethod','Signal to noise ratio (Eb/No)', ...
    'EbNo',15,'BitsPerSymbol',log2(M));
errorRate = comm.ErrorRate('ComputationDelay',3);

Create the Reed-Solomon generator polynomial from the DVB-T standard.

gp = rsgenpoly(N,K,[],0);

Create a Reed-Solomon encoder and decoder pair using the shortened message length, S, and the DVB-T generator polynomial, gp.

enc = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,gp,S);
dec = comm.RSDecoder(N,K,gp,S);

Generate random symbol frames whose length equals one message block. Encode, modulate, apply AWGN, demodulate, decode, and collect statistics.

for counter = 1:L
    data = randi([0 1],S,log2(M));
    encodedData = step(enc,bi2de(data));
    modSignal = qammod(encodedData,M,'UnitAveragePower',true);
    rxSignal = awgnChan(modSignal);
    demodSignal = qamdemod(rxSignal,M,'UnitAveragePower',true);
    rxBits = dec(demodSignal);
    dataOut = de2bi(rxBits);
    errorStats = errorRate(data(:),dataOut(:));
end

Display the error rate and number of errors.

fprintf('Error rate = %5.2e\nNumber of errors = %d\n', ...
    errorStats(1), errorStats(2))

Error rate = 2.01e-02
Number of errors = 1509

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures

Open Live Script

This example shows how to configure the comm.RSEncoder and comm.RSDecoder System objects to perform Reed-Solomon (RS) block coding with erasures when simulating a communications system. RS decoders can correct both errors and erasures. A receiver that identifies the most unreliable symbols in a given codeword can generate erasures. When a receiver erases a symbol, it replaces that symbol with a zero. The receiver then passes a flag to the decoder, indicating that the symbol is an erasure, not a valid code symbol. In addition, an encoder can generate punctures for which specific parity symbols are always removed from its output. The decoder, which knows the puncture pattern, inserts zeros in the puncture positions and treats those symbols as erasures. The decoder treats encoder-generated punctures and receiver-generated erasures the exact same way when it decodes a symbol. Puncturing also has the added benefit of making the code rate more flexible, at the expense of some error correction capability. Shortened codes achieve the same code rate flexibility without degrading the error correction performance, given the same demodulator input energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Note that puncturing is the removal of parity symbols from a codeword, and shortening is the removal of message symbols from a codeword.

This example shows the simulation of a communication system consisting of a random source, an RS encoder, a 64-QAM modulator, an AWGN channel, a 64-QAM demodulator, and an RS decoder. It includes analysis of RS coding with erasures by comparing the channel bit error rate (BER) performance versus the coded BER performance. This example obtains Channel BER by comparing inputs for the QAM modulator to outputs from the QAM demodulator and obtains Coded BER by comparing inputs for the RS encoder to outputs from the RS decoder.

Initialization

The helperRSCodingConfig.m helper function initializes simulation parameters, and configures the comm.AWGNChannel and comm.ErrorRate System objects used to simulate the communications system. The uncoded Eb/N0 ratio is set EbNoUncoded = 15 dB. Criteria to stop the simulation stop are defined to stop the simulation if 500 errors occur or a maximum 5e6 bits are transmitted.

helperRSCodingConfig;

Configure RS Encoder/Decoder

This example uses a (63,53) RS code operating with a 64-QAM modulation scheme. This code can correct (63-53)/2 = 5 errors, or it can alternatively correct (63-53) = 10 erasures. For each codeword at the output of the 64-QAM demodulator, the receiver determines the six least reliable symbols using the helperRSCodingGetErasures.m helper function. The indices that point to the location of these unreliable symbols are passed as an input to the RS decoder. The RS decoder treats these symbols as erasures resulting in an error correction capability of (10-6)/2 = 2 errors per codeword.

Create a comm.RSEncoder System object and set the BitInput property to false to specify that the encoder inputs and outputs are integer symbols.

N = 63;  % Codeword length
K = 53;  % Message length
rsEncoder = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,'BitInput',false);
numErasures = 6;

Create a comm.RSDecoder System object matching the configuration of the comm.RSEncoder object.

rsDecoder = comm.RSDecoder(N,K,'BitInput',false);

Set the ErasuresInputPort property to true to specify erasures as an input to the decoder object.

rsDecoder.ErasuresInputPort = true;

Set the NumCorrectedErrorsOutputPort property to true so that the decoder outputs the number of corrected errors. A non negative value in the error output denotes the number of corrected errors in the input codeword. A value of –1 in the error output indicates a decoding error. A decoding error occurs when the input codeword has more errors than the error correction capability of the RS code.

rsDecoder.NumCorrectedErrorsOutputPort = true;

Run Stream Processing Loop

Simulate the communications system for an uncoded Eb/N0 ratio of 15 dB. The uncoded Eb/N0 is the ratio that would be measured at the input of the channel if there was no coding in the system.

The signal going into the AWGN channel is the encoded signal, so you must convert the uncoded Eb/N0 values so that they correspond to the energy ratio at the encoder output. This ratio is the coded Eb/N0 ratio. If you input K symbols to the encoder and obtain N output symbols, then the energy relation is given by the K/N rate. Set the EbNo property of the AWGN channel object to the computed coded Eb/N0 value.

EbNoCoded = EbNoUncoded + 10*log10(K/N);
channel.EbNo = EbNoCoded;

Loop until the simulation reaches the target number of errors or the maximum number of transmissions.

chanErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
codedErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
correctedErrors = 0;
while (codedErrorStats(2) < targetErrors) && ...
        (codedErrorStats(3) < maxNumTransmissions)

The data symbols transmit one message word at a time. Each message word has K symbols in the [0 N] range.

    data = randi([0 N],K,1);

Encode the message word. The encoded word, encData, is (N-numPunc) symbols long.

    encData = rsEncoder(data);

Modulate encoded data and add noise. then demodulate channel output.

    modData = qammod(encData,M);
    chanOutput = channel(modData);
    demodData = qamdemod(chanOutput,M);

Use the helperRSCodingGetErasures.m helper function to find the 6 least reliable symbols and generate an erasures vector. The length of the erasures vector must be equal to the number of symbols in the demodulated codeword. A one in the ith element of the vector erases the ith symbol in the codeword. Zeros in the vector indicate no erasures.

    erasuresVec = helperRSCodingGetErasures(chanOutput,numErasures);

Decode the data. Accumulate the number of corrected errors using the cumulative sum object.

    [estData,errs] = rsDecoder(demodData,erasuresVec);
    if (errs >= 0)
        correctedErrors = cumulativeSum(errs);
    end

When computing the channel and coded BERs, convert integers to bits.

    chanErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        chanBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(encData,log2(M))',[],1),reshape(de2bi(demodData,log2(M))',[],1));   
    codedErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        codedBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(data,log2(M))',[],1),reshape(de2bi(estData,log2(M))',[],1));
end

The error rate measurement objects, chanBERCalc and codedBERCalc, output 3-by-1 vectors containing BER measurement updates, the number of errors, and the total number of bit transmissions. Display the channel BER, the coded BER and the total number of errors corrected by the RS decoder.

chanBitErrorRate = chanErrorStats(1)

chanBitErrorRate = 0.0017

codedBitErrorRate = codedErrorStats(1)

codedBitErrorRate = 0

totalCorrectedErrors = correctedErrors

totalCorrectedErrors = 882

You can add a for loop around the processing loop above to run simulations for a set of Eb/N0 values. Simulations were run offline for uncoded Eb/N0 values in 4:15 dB, target number of errors equal to 5000, and maximum number of transmissions equal to 50e6. The results from the simulation are shown. The channel BER is worse than the theoretical 64-QAM BER because Eb/N0 is reduced by the code rate.

Summary

This example utilized several System objects to simulate a 64-QAM communications system over an AWGN channel with RS block coding. It showed how to configure the RS decoder to decode symbols with erasures. System performance was measured using channel and coded BER curves obtained using error rate measurement System objects.

Helper functions used in this example:

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures and Punctures

Open Live Script

This example shows how to configure the comm.RSEncoder and comm.RSDecoder System objects to perform Reed-Solomon (RS) block coding with erasures and puncture codes when simulating a communications system. An encoder can generate punctures to remove specific parity symbols from its output. given the puncture pattern, the decoder inserts zeros in the puncture positions and treats those symbols as erasures. The decoder treats encoder-generated punctures and receiver-generated erasures in exactly the same way when it decodes. Puncturing has the added benefit of making the code rate more flexible, at the expense of some error correction capability.

This example shows the simulation of a communication system consisting of a random source, an RS encoder, a 64-QAM modulator, an AWGN channel, a 64-QAM demodulator, and an RS decoder. It includes analysis of RS coding with erasures and puncturing by comparing the channel bit error rate (BER) performance versus the coded BER performance. This example obtains Channel BER by comparing inputs for the QAM modulator to outputs from the QAM demodulator. This example obtains Coded BER by comparing inputs for the RS encoder to outputs from the RS decoder.

Initialization

The helperRSCodingConfig.m helper function initializes simulation parameters, and configures the comm.AWGNChannel and comm.ErrorRate System objects used to simulate the communications system. The uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio, EbNoUncoded is set to 15 dB. Criteria to stop the simulation stop are defined to stop the simulation if 500 errors occur or a maximum $5 \times 10^{6}$ bits are transmitted.

helperRSCodingConfig;

Configure RS Encoder/Decoder

This example uses the same (63,53) RS code operating with a 64-QAM modulation scheme that is configured for erasures and code puncturing. The RS algortihm decodes receiver-generated erasures and corrects encoder-generated punctures. For each codeword, the sum of the punctures and erasures cannot exceed twice the error-correcting capability of the code.

Create a comm.RSEncoder System object and set the BitInput property to false to specify that the encoder inputs and outputs are integer symbols.

N = 63;  % Codeword length
K = 53;  % Message length
rsEncoder = comm.RSEncoder(N,K,'BitInput',false);
numErasures = 6;

Create a comm.RSDecoder System object matching the configuration of the comm.RSEncoder object. Then set the ErasuresInputPort property to true to specify erasures as an input to the decoder object.

rsDecoder = comm.RSDecoder(N,K,'BitInput',false);
rsDecoder.ErasuresInputPort = true;

To enable code puncturing, set the PuncturePatternSource property to 'Property' and set the PuncturePattern property to the desired puncture pattern vector. The same puncture vector must be specified in both the encoder and decoder. This example punctures two symbols from each codeword. Values of 1 in the puncture pattern vector indicate nonpunctured symbols, and values of 0 indicate punctured symbols.

numPuncs = 2;
rsEnc.PuncturePatternSource = 'Property';
rsEnc.PuncturePattern = [ones(N-K-numPuncs,1); zeros(numPuncs,1)];

rsDec.PuncturePatternSource = 'Property';
rsDec.PuncturePattern = rsEnc.PuncturePattern;

Run Stream Processing Loop

Simulate the communications system for an uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio of 15 dB. The uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ is the ratio that would be measured at the input of the channel if there was no coding in the system.

The signal going into the AWGN channel is the encoded signal, so you must convert the uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values so that they correspond to the energy ratio at the encoder output. This ratio is the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio. If you input K symbols to the encoder and obtain N output symbols, then the energy relation is given by the K/N rate. Since the length of the codewords generated by the RS encoder is reduced by the number of punctures specified in the puncture pattern vector, the value of the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio needs to be adjusted to account for these punctures. In this example, The number of output symbols is (N - numPuncs) and the uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio relates to the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ as shown below. Set the EbNo property of the AWGN channel object to the computed coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ value.

EbNoCoded = EbNoUncoded + 10*log10(K/(N - numPuncs));
channel.EbNo = EbNoCoded;

Loop until the simulation reaches the target number of errors or the maximum number of transmissions.

chanErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
codedErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
correctedErrors = 0;
while (codedErrorStats(2) < targetErrors) && ...
        (codedErrorStats(3) < maxNumTransmissions)

The data symbols transmit one message word at a time. Each message word has K symbols in the [0 N] range.

    data = randi([0 N],K,1);

Encode the message word. The encoded word, encData, is (N – numPunc) symbols long.

    encData = rsEncoder(data);

Modulate encoded data and add noise. then demodulate channel output.

    modData = qammod(encData,M);
    chanOutput = channel(modData);
    demodData = qamdemod(chanOutput,M);

    erasuresVec = helperRSCodingGetErasures(chanOutput,numErasures);

Decode the data. Accumulate the number of corrected errors using the cumulative sum object.

    [estData,errs] = rsDecoder(demodData,erasuresVec);
    if (errs >= 0)
        correctedErrors = cumulativeSum(errs);
    end

When computing the channel and coded BERs, convert integers to bits.

    chanErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        chanBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(encData,log2(M))',[],1),reshape(de2bi(demodData,log2(M))',[],1));   
    codedErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        codedBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(data,log2(M))',[],1),reshape(de2bi(estData,log2(M))',[],1));
end

chanBitErrorRate = chanErrorStats(1)

chanBitErrorRate = 0.0015

codedBitErrorRate = codedErrorStats(1)

codedBitErrorRate = 0

totalCorrectedErrors = correctedErrors

totalCorrectedErrors = 632

You can add a for loop around the processing loop above to run simulations for a set of $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values. Simulations were run offline for uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values in 4:15 dB, target number of errors equal to 5000, and maximum number of transmissions equal to $50 \times 10^{6}$ . This figure compares results achieved for

RS coding with only erasures
RS coding with erasures and puncturing
Theoretical BER for 64-QAM

The coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ is slightly higher than the channel $E_{b} / N_{0}$ , so the channel BER is slightly better in the punctured case. On the other hand, the coded BER is worse in the punctured case, because the two punctures reduce the error correcting capability of the code by one, leaving it able to correct only (10 – 6 – 2) / 2 = 1 error per codeword.

Summary

This example utilized functions and System objects to simulate a 64-QAM communications system over an AWGN channel with RS block coding. It showed how to configure the RS encoder/decoder System objects to obtain punctured codes. System performance was measured using channel and coded BER curves obtained using error rate measurement System objects.

Helper functions used in this example:

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures, Punctures, and Shortening

Open Live Script

This example shows how to configure the comm.RSEncoder and comm.RSDecoder System objects to perform Reed-Solomon (RS) block coding to shorten the (63,53) code to a (28,18) code. The simulation of a communication system consisting of a random source, an RS encoder, a 64-QAM modulator, an AWGN channel, a 64-QAM demodulator, and an RS decoder is presented.

The effects of RS coding with erasures, puncturing, and shortening are analyzed by comparing the channel bit error rate (BER) performance versus the coded BER performance. This example obtains Channel BER by comparing inputs for the QAM modulator to outputs from the QAM demodulator and obtains Coded BER by comparing inputs for the RS encoder to outputs from the RS decoder. Puncturing is the removal of parity symbols from a codeword, and shortening is the removal of message symbols from a codeword. Puncturing has the benefit of making the code rate more flexible, at the expense of some error correction capability. Shortened codes achieve the same code rate flexibility without degrading the error correction performance for the same demodulator input $E_{b} / N_{0}$ .

Initialization

The helperRSCodingConfig.m helper function initializes simulation parameters, and configures the comm.AWGNChannel and comm.ErrorRate System objects used to simulate the communications system. The uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio is set EbNoUncoded = 15 dB. Criteria to stop the simulation stop are defined to stop the simulation if 500 errors occur or a maximum $5 \times 10^{6}$ bits are transmitted.

helperRSCodingConfig;

Configure RS Encoder/Decoder

This example uses a (63,53) RS code operating with a 64-QAM modulation scheme. The RS coding operation includes erasures, puncturing, and code shortening. This example shows how to shorten the (63,53) code to a (28,18) code.

To shorten a (63,53) code by 10 symbols to a (53,43) code, you can simply enter 53 and 43 for the CodewordLength and MessageLength properties, respectively (since $2 ⌈ \log_{2} (53 + 1) ⌉ - 1 = 63$ ). However, to shorten it by 35 symbols to a (28,18) code, you must explicitly specify that the symbols belong to the Galois field GF(26). Otherwise, the RS blocks will assume that the code is shortened from a (31,21) code (since $2 ⌈ \log_{2} (28 + 1) ⌉ - 1 = 31$ ).

Create a pair of comm.RSEncoder and comm.RSDecoder System objects so that they perform block coding with a (28,18) code shortened from a (63,53) code that is configured to input and output integer symbols. Configure the decoder to accept an erasure input and two punctures. For each codeword at the output of the 64-QAM demodulator, the receiver determines the six least reliable symbols using the helperRSCodingGetErasures.m helper function. The indices that point to the location of these unreliable symbols are passed as an input to the RS decoder.

N = 63;  % Codeword length
K = 53;  % Message length
S = 18;  % Shortenened message length
numErasures = 6;
numPuncs = 2; 
rsEncoder = comm.RSEncoder(N, K, 'BitInput', false);
rsDecoder = comm.RSDecoder(N, K, 'BitInput', false, 'ErasuresInputPort', true);
rsEncoder.PuncturePatternSource = 'Property';
rsEncoder.PuncturePattern = [ones(N-K-numPuncs,1); zeros(numPuncs,1)];
rsDecoder.PuncturePatternSource = 'Property';
rsDecoder.PuncturePattern = rsEncoder.PuncturePattern;

Set the shortened codeword length and message length values.

rsEncoder.ShortMessageLength = S;
rsDecoder.ShortMessageLength = S;

Specify the field of ${GF (2}^{6})$ in the RS encoder/decoder System objects, by setting the PrimitivePolynomialSource property to 'Property' and the PrimitivePolynomial property to a 6th degree primitive polynomial.

primPolyDegree = 6;
rsEncoder.PrimitivePolynomialSource = 'Property';
rsEncoder.PrimitivePolynomial = de2bi(primpoly(primPolyDegree,'nodisplay'),'left-msb');

rsDecoder.PrimitivePolynomialSource = 'Property';
rsDecoder.PrimitivePolynomial = de2bi(primpoly(primPolyDegree,'nodisplay'),'left-msb');

Run Stream Processing Loop

The signal going into the AWGN channel is the encoded signal, so you must convert the uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values so that they correspond to the energy ratio at the encoder output. This ratio is the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio. If you input K symbols to the encoder and obtain N output symbols, then the energy relation is given by the K/N rate. he value of the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio needs to be adjusted to account for shortened and punctured codewords. The number of output symbols is (N - numPuncs - S) and the uncoded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ ratio relates to the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ as shown below. Set the EbNo property of the AWGN channel object to the computed coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ value.

EbNoCoded = EbNoUncoded + 10*log10(S/(N - numPuncs - K + S));
channel.EbNo = EbNoCoded;

Loop until the simulation reaches the target number of errors or the maximum number of transmissions.

chanErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
codedErrorStats = zeros(3,1);
correctedErrors = 0;
while (codedErrorStats(2) < targetErrors) && ...
        (codedErrorStats(3) < maxNumTransmissions)

The data symbols transmit one message word at a time. Each message word has K-S symbols in the [0 (2^primPolyDegree)-1] range.

    data = randi([0 2^primPolyDegree-1],S,1);

Encode the shortened message word. The encoded word encData is (N-numPuncs-S) symbols long.

    encData = rsEncoder(data);

Modulate encoded data and add noise. then demodulate channel output.

    modData = qammod(encData,M);
    chanOutput = channel(modData);
    demodData = qamdemod(chanOutput,M);

    erasuresVec = helperRSCodingGetErasures(chanOutput,numErasures);

Decode the data. Accumulate the number of corrected errors using the cumulative sum object.

    [estData,errs] = rsDecoder(demodData,erasuresVec);
    if (errs >= 0)
        correctedErrors = cumulativeSum(errs);
    end

When computing the channel and coded BERs, convert integers to bits.

    chanErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        chanBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(encData,log2(M))',[],1), ...
        reshape(de2bi(demodData,log2(M))',[],1));   
    codedErrorStats(:,1) = ...
        codedBERCalc(reshape(de2bi(data,log2(M))',[],1), ...
        reshape(de2bi(estData,log2(M))',[],1));
end

The error rate measurement objects, chanBERCalc and codedBERCalc, output 3-by-1 vectors containing BER measurement updates, the number of errors, and the total number of bit transmissions. Display the channel BER, the coded BER, and the total number of errors corrected by the RS decoder.

chanBitErrorRate = chanErrorStats(1)

chanBitErrorRate = 0.0036

codedBitErrorRate = codedErrorStats(1)

codedBitErrorRate = 9.6599e-05

totalCorrectedErrors = correctedErrors

totalCorrectedErrors = 1436

RS coding with only erasures
RS coding with erasures and puncturing
RS coding with erasures, puncturing, and shotening
Theoretical BER for 64-QAM

The channel BER with shortening because the coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ is ddegraded. This degraded coded $E_{b} / N_{0}$ occurs because the code rate of the shortened code is lower than that of the nonshortened code. Shortening also results in degraded coded BER, most noticably at lower $E_{b} / N_{0}$ values.

Summary

This example utilized several System objects to simulate a 64-QAM communications system over an AWGN channel with a shortened RS block code. It showed how to configure the RS decoder to shorten a (63,53) code to a (28,18) code. System performance was measured using channel and coded BER curves obtained using error rate measurement System objects.

Helper functions used in this example:

Algorithms

This object implements the algorithm, inputs, and outputs described in Algorithms for BCH and RS Errors-only Decoding.

References

[1] Clark, George C., and J. Bibb Cain. Error-Correction Coding for Digital Communications. Applications of Communications Theory. New York: Plenum Press, 1981.

Documentation

comm.RSEncoder

Description

Construction

Properties

Methods

Examples

Transmit an RS-encoded, 8-DPSK-modulated symbol stream

Estimate BER of 8-PSK in AWGN with Reed-Solomon Coding

Transmit a Shortened RS-encoded, 256-QAM-modulated Symbol Stream

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures and Punctures

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures, Punctures, and Shortening

Algorithms

References

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

See Also

Topics

Communications Toolbox Documentation

Support

Documentation

comm.RSEncoder

Description

Construction

Properties

Methods

Examples

Transmit an RS-encoded, 8-DPSK-modulated symbol stream

Estimate BER of 8-PSK in AWGN with Reed-Solomon Coding

Transmit a Shortened RS-encoded, 256-QAM-modulated Symbol Stream

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures and Punctures

Reed-Solomon Coding with Erasures, Punctures, and Shortening

Algorithms

References

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

See Also

Topics

Communications Toolbox Documentation

Support

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.