Note
The information provided in this section is intended only for use in maintaining existing Level-1 MATLAB® S-functions. Use the more capable Level-2 API to develop new MATLAB S-functions (see Write Level-2 MATLAB S-Functions). Level-1 MATLAB S-functions support a much smaller subset of the S-function API then Level-2 MATLAB S-functions, and their features are limited compared to built-in blocks.
A Level-1 MATLAB S-function is a MATLAB function of the following form
[sys,x0,str,ts]=f(t,x,u,flag,p1,p2,...)
where f is the name of the S-function.
During simulation of a model, the Simulink® engine repeatedly
invokes f, using the flag argument
to indicate the task (or tasks) to be performed for a particular invocation.
The S-function performs the task and returns the results in an output
vector.
A template implementation of a Level-1 MATLAB S-function, sfuntmpl.m,
resides in the folder matlabroot/toolbox/simulink/blocksflag. The
top-level function invokes the local function indicated by flag.
The local functions perform the actual tasks required of the S-function
during simulation.
The Simulink engine passes the following arguments to a Level-1 MATLAB S-function:
t | Current time |
x | State vector |
u | Input vector |
flag | Integer value that indicates the task to be performed by the S-function |
The following table describes the values that flag can
assume and lists the corresponding Level-2 MATLAB S-function
method for each value.
Flag Argument
| Level-1 Flag | Level-2 Callback Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | setup | Defines basic S-Function block characteristics, including sample
times, initial conditions of continuous and discrete states, and the sizes array
(see Define S-Function Block Characteristics for a description
of the sizes array). |
| 1 | mdlDerivatives | Calculates the derivatives of the continuous state variables. |
| 2 | mdlUpdate | Updates discrete states, sample times, and major time step requirements. |
| 3 | mdlOutputs | Calculates the outputs of the S-function. |
| 4 | mdlOutputs method updates the run-time object NextTimeHit property | Calculates the time of the next hit in absolute time. This
routine is used only when you specify a variable discrete-time sample
time in the setup method. |
| 9 | mdlTerminate | Performs any necessary end-of-simulation tasks. |
A Level-1 MATLAB S-function returns an output vector containing the following elements:
sys, a generic return argument.
The values returned depend on the flag value. For
example, for flag = 3, sys contains
the S-function outputs.
x0, the initial state values (an
empty vector if there are no states in the system). x0 is
ignored, except when flag = 0.
str, originally intended for future
use. Level-1 MATLAB S-functions
must set this to the empty matrix, [].
ts, a two-column matrix containing
the sample times and offsets of the block (see Specify Sample Time in Using Simulink for
information on how to specify a sample times and offsets).
For example, if you want your S-function to run at every time
step (continuous sample time), set ts to [0
0]. If you want your S-function to run at the same rate
as the block to which it is connected (inherited sample time), set ts to [-1
0]. If you want it to run every 0.25 seconds
(discrete sample time) starting at 0.1 seconds
after the simulation start time, set ts to [0.25
0.1].
You can create S-functions that do multiple tasks, each at a
different sample rate (i.e., a multirate S-function). In this case, ts should
specify all the sample rates used by your S-function in ascending
order by sample time. For example, suppose your S-function performs
one task every 0.25 second starting from the simulation start time
and another task every 1 second starting 0.1 second after the simulation
start time. In this case, your S-function should set ts equal
to [.25 0; 1.0 .1]. This will cause the Simulink engine
to execute the S-function at the following times: [0 0.1
0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.1 ...]. Your S-function must decide at
every sample time which task to perform at that sample time.
You can also create an S-function that performs some tasks continuously (i.e., at every time step) and others at discrete intervals.
For the Simulink engine to recognize a Level-1 MATLAB S-function, you must provide it with specific information about the S-function. This information includes the number of inputs, outputs, states, and other block characteristics.
To provide this information, call the simsizes function
at the beginning of the S-function.
sizes = simsizes;
This function returns an uninitialized sizes structure.
You must load the sizes structure with information
about the S-function. The table below lists the fields of the sizes structure
and describes the information contained in each field.
Fields in the sizes Structure
| Field Name | Description |
|---|---|
sizes.NumContStates | Number of continuous states |
sizes.NumDiscStates | Number of discrete states |
sizes.NumOutputs | Number of outputs |
sizes.NumInputs | Number of inputs |
sizes.DirFeedthrough | Flag for direct feedthrough |
sizes.NumSampleTimes | Number of sample times |
After you initialize the sizes structure,
call simsizes again:
sys = simsizes(sizes);
This passes the information in the sizes structure
to sys, a vector that holds the information for
use by the Simulink engine.
When invoking a Level-1 MATLAB S-function,
the Simulink engine always passes the standard block parameters, t, x, u,
and flag, to the S-function as function arguments.
The engine can pass additional block-specific parameters specified
by the user to the S-function. The user specifies the parameters in
the S-function parameters field of the S-Function
Block Parameters dialog box (see Passing Parameters to S-Functions).
If the block dialog specifies additional parameters, the engine passes
the parameters to the S-function as additional function arguments.
The additional arguments follow the standard arguments in the S-function
argument list in the order in which the corresponding parameters appear
in the block dialog. You can use this block-specific S-function parameter
capability to allow the same S-function to implement various processing
options. See the limintm.m example
in the folder matlabroot/toolbox/simulink/simdemos/simfeatures
You can convert Level-1 MATLAB S-functions to Level-2 MATLAB S-functions by mapping the code associated with each Level-1 S-function flag to the appropriate Level-2 S-function callback method. See the Flag Arguments table for a mapping of Level-1 flags to Level-2 callback methods. In addition:
Store discrete state information for Level-2 MATLAB S-functions in DWork vectors,
initialized in the PostPropagationSetup method.
Access Level-2 MATLAB S-function
dialog parameters using the DialogPrm run-time
object property, instead of passing them into the S-function as function
arguments.
For S-functions with variable sample times, update
the NextTimeHit run-time object property in the Outputs method
to set the next sample time hit for the Level-2 MATLAB S-function.
For example, the following table shows how to convert the Level-1 MATLAB S-function sfundsc2.m to a
Level-2 MATLAB S-function.
The example uses the Level-2 MATLAB S-function
template msfuntmpl_basic.m as a starting point
when converting the Level-1 MATLAB S-function.
The line numbers in the table corresponds to the lines of code in sfundsc2.m.
| Line Number | Code in sfundsc2.m | Code in Level-2 MATLAB file (sfundsc2_level2.m) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | function [sys,x0,str,ts]= ... sfundsc2(t,x,u,flag) | function sfundsc2(block) setup(block); function line
changes to accept one input argument block, which
is the Level-2 MATLAB S-Function
block's run-time object. The main body of the Level-2 MATLAB S-function contains a single
line that calls the local setup function. |
| 13 - 19 | switch flag, case 0, [sys,x0,str,ts] = ... mdlInitializeSizes; | function setup(block) flag value
of zero corresponds to calling the setup method.
A Level-2 MATLAB S-function
does not use a switch statement to invoke the callback
methods. Instead, the local setup function registers
callback methods that are directly called during simulation. |
| 24 - 31 | case 2, sys = mdlUpdate(t,x,u); case 3, sys = mdlOutputs(t,x,u); | The setup function registers two local functions
associated with flag values of 2 and 3.block.RegBlockMethod('Outputs' ,@Output);
block.RegBlockMethod('Update' ,@Update); |
| 53 - 66 | sizes = simsizes; sizes.NumContStates = 0; sizes.NumDiscStates = 1; sizes.NumOutputs = 1; sizes.NumInputs = 1; sizes.DirFeedthrough = 0; sizes.NumSampleTimes = 1; sys = simsizes(sizes); x0 = 0; str = []; ts = [.1 0]; | The setup function also initializes the
attributes of the Level-2 MATLAB S-function:block.NumInputPorts = 1; block.NumOutputPorts = 1; block.InputPort(1).Dimensions = 1; block.InputPort(1).DirectFeedthrough = false; block.OutputPort(1).Dimensions = 1; block.NumDialogPrms = 0; block.SampleTimes = [0.1 0]; setup method registers
the PostPropagationSetup callback method to initialize
a DWork vector and the InitializeConditions callback
method to set the initial state value.block.RegBlockMethod('PostPropagationSetup',...
@DoPostPropSetup);
block.RegBlockMethod('InitializeConditions', ...
@InitConditions); |
| 56 | sizes.NumDiscStates = 1; | The PostPropagationSetup method initializes
the DWork vector that stores the single discrete state.function DoPostPropSetup(block) %% Setup Dwork block.NumDworks = 1; block.Dwork(1).Name = 'x0'; block.Dwork(1).Dimensions = 1; block.Dwork(1).DatatypeID = 0; block.Dwork(1).Complexity = 'Real'; block.Dwork(1).UsedAsDiscState = true; |
| 64 | x0 = 0; | The InitializeConditions method initializes
the discrete state value.function InitConditions(block) %% Initialize Dwork block.Dwork(1).Data = 0 |
| 77 - 78 | function sys = ... mdlUpdate(t,x,u) sys = u; | The Update method calculates the next value
of the discrete state.function Update(block) block.Dwork(1).Data = block.InputPort(1).Data; |
| 88 - 89 | function sys = ... mdlOutputs(t,x,u) sys = x; | The Outputs method calculates the S-function's
output.function Outputs(block) block.OutputPort(1).Data = block.Dwork(1).Data; |