num2str

Convert numbers to character array

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Syntax

s = num2str(A)
s = num2str(A,precision)
s = num2str(A,formatSpec)

Description

example

s = num2str(A) converts a numeric array into a character array that represents the numbers. The output format depends on the magnitudes of the original values. num2str is useful for labeling and titling plots with numeric values.

example

s = num2str(A,precision) returns a character array that represents the numbers with the maximum number of significant digits specified by precision.

example

s = num2str(A,formatSpec) applies a format specified by formatSpec to all elements of A.

Examples

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Open Live Script

Convert the floating-point values returned by pi and eps to character vectors. 

s = num2str(pi)
s = 
'3.1416'

s = num2str(eps)
s = 
'2.2204e-16'
Open Live Script

Specify the maximum number of significant digits for floating-point values. 

A = gallery('normaldata',[2,2],0);
s = num2str(A,3)
s = 2x16 char array
    '-0.433     0.125'
    ' -1.67     0.288'
Open Live Script

Specify the width, precision, and other formatting for an array of floating-point values. 

A = gallery('uniformdata',[2,3],0) * 9999;
s = num2str(A,'%10.5e\n')
s = 2x35 char array
    '9.50034e+03...'
    '2.31115e+03...'

The format '%10.5e' prints each value in exponential format with five decimal places, and '\n' prints a new line character.

Input Arguments

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Input array, specified as a numeric array.

Data Types: double | single | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64 | logical
Complex Number Support: Yes

Maximum number of significant digits in the output string, specified as a positive integer.

Note

If you specify precision to exceed the precision of the input floating-point data type, the results might not match the input values to the precision you specified. The result depends on your computer hardware and operating system.

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Format of the output fields, specified using formatting operators. formatSpec also can include ordinary text and special characters.

formatSpec can be a character vector in single quotes, or, starting in R2016b, a string scalar.

Formatting Operator

A formatting operator starts with a percent sign, %, and ends with a conversion character. The conversion character is required. Optionally, you can specify identifier, flags, field width, precision, and subtype operators between % and the conversion character. (Spaces are invalid between operators and are shown here only for readability).

Conversion Character

This table shows conversion characters to format numeric and character data as text.

Value TypeConversionDetails

Integer, signed

%d or %i

Base 10

Integer, unsigned

%u

Base 10

%o

Base 8 (octal)

%x

Base 16 (hexadecimal), lowercase letters a–f

%X

Same as %x, uppercase letters A–F

Floating-point number

%f

Fixed-point notation (Use a precision operator to specify the number of digits after the decimal point.)

%e

Exponential notation, such as 3.141593e+00 (Use a precision operator to specify the number of digits after the decimal point.)

%E

Same as %e, but uppercase, such as 3.141593E+00 (Use a precision operator to specify the number of digits after the decimal point.)

%g

The more compact of %e or %f, with no trailing zeros (Use a precision operator to specify the number of significant digits.)

%G

The more compact of %E or %f, with no trailing zeros (Use a precision operator to specify the number of significant digits.)

Characters or strings

%c

Single character

%s

Character vector or string array. The type of the output text is the same as the type of formatSpec.

Optional Operators

The optional identifier, flags, field width, precision, and subtype operators further define the format of the output text.

  • Identifier

    Order for processing the function input arguments. Use the syntax n$, where n represents the positions of the other input arguments in the function call.

    Example: ('%3$s %2$s %1$s %2$s','A','B','C') prints input arguments 'A', 'B', 'C' as follows: C B A B.

    Note: If an input argument is an array, you cannot use identifiers to specify particular array elements from that input argument.

  • Flags

    '–'

    Left-justify.
    Example: %-5.2f
    Example: %-10s

    '+'

    Always print a sign character (+ or –) for any numeric value.
    Example: %+5.2f
    Right-justify text.
    Example: %+10s

    ' '

    Insert a space before the value.
    Example: % 5.2f

    '0'

    Pad to field width with zeros before the value.
    Example: %05.2f

    '#'

    Modify selected numeric conversions:

    • For %o, %x, or %X, print 0, 0x, or 0X prefix.

    • For %f, %e, or %E, print decimal point even when precision is 0.

    • For %g or %G, do not remove trailing zeros or decimal point.

    Example: %#5.0f

  • Field Width

    Minimum number of characters to print. The field width operator can be a number, or an asterisk (*) to refer to an input argument.

    When you specify * as the field width operator, the other input arguments must provide both a width and a value to be printed. Widths and values can be pairs of arguments or pairs within a numeric array. With * as the field width operator, you can print different values with different widths.

    Example: The input arguments ('%12d',intmax) are equivalent to ('%*d',12,intmax).

    Example: The input arguments ('%*d',[2 10 5 100]) return '10 100', with two spaces allocated for 10 and five spaces for 100. As an alternative, you also can specify the field widths and values as multiple arguments, as in ('%*d',2,10,5,100).

    The function pads to field width with spaces before the value unless otherwise specified by flags.

  • Precision

    For %f, %e, or %E

    Number of digits to the right of the decimal point
    Example: '%.4f' prints pi as '3.1416'

    For %g or %G

    Number of significant digits
    Example: '%.4g' prints pi as '3.142'

    The precision operator can be a number, or an asterisk (*) to refer to an argument.

    When you specify * as the field precision operator, the other input arguments must provide both a precision and a value to be printed. Precisions and values can be pairs of arguments, or pairs within a numeric array. With * as the precision operator, you can print different values to different precisions.

    When you specify *.* as field width and precision operators, you must specify field widths, precisions, and values as triplets.

    Example: The input arguments ('%.4f',pi) are equivalent to ('%.*f',4,pi).

    Example: The input arguments ('%6.4f',pi) are equivalent to ('%.*f',6,4,pi).

    Example: The input arguments ('%*.*f',6,4,pi,9,6,exp(1)) return '3.1416 2.718282', with 9 and 6 as the field width and precision for the output of exp(1).

    Note

    If you specify a precision operator for floating-point values that exceeds the precision of the input numeric data type, the results might not match the input values to the precision you specified. The result depends on your computer hardware and operating system.

  • Subtypes

    You can use a subtype operator to print a floating-point value as its octal, decimal, or hexadecimal value. The subtype operator immediately precedes the conversion character. This table shows the conversions that can use subtypes.

    Input Value Type

    Subtype and Conversion Character

    Output Value Type

    Floating-point number

    %bx or %bX
    %bo
    %bu

    Double-precision hexadecimal, octal, or decimal value
    Example: %bx prints pi as 400921fb54442d18

    %tx or %tX
    %to
    %tu

    Single-precision hexadecimal, octal, or decimal value
    Example: %tx prints pi as 40490fdb

Text Before or After Formatting Operators

formatSpec can also include additional text before a percent sign, %, or after a conversion character. The text can be:

  • Ordinary text to print.

  • Special characters that you cannot enter as ordinary text. This table shows how to represent special characters in formatSpec.

    Special Character

    Representation

    Single quotation mark

    ''

    Percent character

    %%

    Backslash

    \\

    Alarm

    \a

    Backspace

    \b

    Form feed

    \f

    New line

    \n

    Carriage return

    \r

    Horizontal tab

    \t

    Vertical tab

    \v

    Character whose Unicode® numeric value can be represented by the hexadecimal number, N

    \xN

    Example: sprintf('\x5A') returns 'Z'

    Character whose Unicode numeric value can be represented by the octal number, N

    \N

    Example: sprintf('\132') returns 'Z'

Notable Behavior of Conversions with Formatting Operators

  • Numeric conversions print only the real component of complex numbers.

  • If you specify a conversion that does not fit the data, such as a text conversion for a numeric value, MATLAB® overrides the specified conversion, and uses %e.

    Example: '%s' converts pi to 3.141593e+00.

  • If you apply a text conversion (either %c or %s) to integer values, MATLAB converts values that correspond to valid character codes to characters.

    Example: '%s' converts [65 66 67] to ABC.

Data Types: char | string

Output Arguments

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Text representation of the input array, returned as a character array.

Tips

num2str does not accept positional identifiers in the formatSpec input argument. For example, num2str([14 15],'%2$X %1$o) returns an error.

Positional identifiers specify the order in which the formatting operator processes input arguments of the function, not the elements of an input array. When you call num2str, there is only one input argument that has numbers to convert.

Algorithms

num2str trims any leading spaces from a character array, even when formatSpec includes a space character flag. For example, num2str(42.67,'% 10.2f') returns a 1-by-5 character array '42.67'.

Extended Capabilities

See Also

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Introduced before R2006a

MATLAB Documentation
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