function [x,f,exitflag,output] = minFunc(funObj,x0,options,varargin)
% [x,f,exitflag,output] = minFunc(funObj,x0,options,varargin)
%
% Unconstrained optimizer using a line search strategy
%
% Uses an interface very similar to fminunc
%   (it doesn't support all of the optimization toolbox options,
%       but supports many other options).
%
% It computes descent directions using one of ('Method'):
%   - 'sd': Steepest Descent
%       (no previous information used, not recommended)
%   - 'csd': Cyclic Steepest Descent
%       (uses previous step length for a fixed length cycle)
%   - 'bb': Barzilai and Borwein Gradient
%       (uses only previous step)
%   - 'cg': Non-Linear Conjugate Gradient
%       (uses only previous step and a vector beta)
%   - 'scg': Scaled Non-Linear Conjugate Gradient
%       (uses previous step and a vector beta, 
%           and Hessian-vector products to initialize line search)
%   - 'pcg': Preconditionined Non-Linear Conjugate Gradient
%       (uses only previous step and a vector beta, preconditioned version)
%   - 'lbfgs': Quasi-Newton with Limited-Memory BFGS Updating
%       (default: uses a predetermined nunber of previous steps to form a 
%           low-rank Hessian approximation)
%   - 'newton0': Hessian-Free Newton
%       (numerically computes Hessian-Vector products)
%   - 'pnewton0': Preconditioned Hessian-Free Newton 
%       (numerically computes Hessian-Vector products, preconditioned
%       version)
%   - 'qnewton': Quasi-Newton Hessian approximation
%       (uses dense Hessian approximation)
%   - 'mnewton': Newton's method with Hessian calculation after every
%   user-specified number of iterations
%       (needs user-supplied Hessian matrix)
%   - 'newton': Newton's method with Hessian calculation every iteration
%       (needs user-supplied Hessian matrix)
%   - 'tensor': Tensor
%       (needs user-supplied Hessian matrix and Tensor of 3rd partial derivatives)
%
% Several line search strategies are available for finding a step length satisfying
%   the termination criteria ('LS'):
%   - 0: Backtrack w/ Step Size Halving
%   - 1: Backtrack w/ Quadratic/Cubic Interpolation from new function values
%   - 2: Backtrack w/ Cubic Interpolation from new function + gradient
%   values (default for 'bb')
%   - 3: Bracketing w/ Step Size Doubling and Bisection
%   - 4: Bracketing w/ Cubic Interpolation/Extrapolation with function +
%   gradient values (default for all except 'bb')
%   - 5: Bracketing w/ Mixed Quadratic/Cubic Interpolation/Extrapolation
%   - 6: Use Matlab Optimization Toolbox's line search
%           (requires Matlab's linesearch.m to be added to the path)
%
%   Above, the first three find a point satisfying the Armijo conditions,
%   while the last four search for find a point satisfying the Wolfe
%   conditions.  If the objective function overflows, it is recommended
%   to use one of the first 3.
%   The first three can be used to perform a non-monotone
%   linesearch by changing the option 'Fref'.
%
% Several strategies for choosing the initial step size are avaiable ('LS_init'):
%   - 0: Always try an initial step length of 1 (default for all except 'cg' and 'sd')
%       (t = 1)
%   - 1: Use a step similar to the previous step (default for 'cg' and 'sd')
%       (t = t_old*min(2,g'd/g_old'd_old))
%   - 2: Quadratic Initialization using previous function value and new
%   function value/gradient (use this if steps tend to be very long)
%       (t = min(1,2*(f-f_old)/g))
%   - 3: The minimum between 1 and twice the previous step length
%       (t = min(1,2*t)
%   - 4: The scaled conjugate gradient step length (may accelerate
%   conjugate gradient methods, but requires a Hessian-vector product)
%       (t = g'd/d'Hd)
%
% Inputs:
%   funObj is a function handle
%   x0 is a starting vector;
%   options is a struct containing parameters
%  (defaults are used for non-existent or blank fields)
%   all other arguments are passed to funObj
%
% Outputs:
%   x is the minimum value found
%   f is the function value at the minimum found
%   exitflag returns an exit condition
%   output returns a structure with other information
%
% Supported Input Options
%   Display - Level of display [ off | final | (iter) | full | excessive ]
%   MaxFunEvals - Maximum number of function evaluations allowed (1000)
%   MaxIter - Maximum number of iterations allowed (500)
%   optTol - Termination tolerance on the first-order optimality (1e-5)
%   progTol - Termination tolerance on progress in terms of function/parameter changes (1e-9)
%   Method - [ sd | csd | bb | cg | scg | pcg | {lbfgs} | newton0 | pnewton0 |
%       qnewton | mnewton | newton | tensor ]
%   c1 - Sufficient Decrease for Armijo condition (1e-4)
%   c2 - Curvature Decrease for Wolfe conditions (.2 for cg methods, .9 otherwise)
%   LS_init - Line Search Initialization -see above (2 for cg/sd, 4 for scg, 0 otherwise)
%   LS - Line Search type -see above (2 for bb, 4 otherwise)
%   Fref - Setting this to a positive integer greater than 1
%       will use non-monotone Armijo objective in the line search.
%       (20 for bb, 10 for csd, 1 for all others)
%   numDiff - compute derivative numerically
%       (default: 0) (this option has a different effect for 'newton', see below)
%   useComplex - if 1, use complex differentials when computing numerical derivatives
%       to get very accurate values (default: 0)
%   DerivativeCheck - if 'on', computes derivatives numerically at initial
%       point and compares to user-supplied derivative (default: 'off')
%   outputFcn - function to run after each iteration (default: []).  It
%       should have the following interface:
%       outputFcn(x,infoStruct,state,varargin{:})
%   useMex - where applicable, use mex files to speed things up (default: 1)
%
% Method-specific input options:
%   newton:
%       HessianModify - type of Hessian modification for direct solvers to
%       use if the Hessian is not positive definite (default: 0)
%           0: Minimum Euclidean norm s.t. eigenvalues sufficiently large
%           (requires eigenvalues on iterations where matrix is not pd)
%           1: Start with (1/2)*||A||_F and increment until Cholesky succeeds
%           (an approximation to method 0, does not require eigenvalues)
%           2: Modified LDL factorization
%           (only 1 generalized Cholesky factorization done and no eigenvalues required)
%           3: Modified Spectral Decomposition
%           (requires eigenvalues)
%           4: Modified Symmetric Indefinite Factorization
%           5: Uses the eigenvector of the smallest eigenvalue as negative
%           curvature direction
%       cgSolve - use conjugate gradient instead of direct solver (default: 0)
%           0: Direct Solver
%           1: Conjugate Gradient
%           2: Conjugate Gradient with Diagonal Preconditioner
%           3: Conjugate Gradient with LBFGS Preconditioner
%           x: Conjugate Graident with Symmetric Successive Over Relaxation
%           Preconditioner with parameter x
%               (where x is a real number in the range [0,2])
%           x: Conjugate Gradient with Incomplete Cholesky Preconditioner
%           with drop tolerance -x
%               (where x is a real negative number)
%       numDiff - compute Hessian numerically
%                 (default: 0, done with complex differentials if useComplex = 1)
%       LS_saveHessiancomp - when on, only computes the Hessian at the
%       first and last iteration of the line search (default: 1)
%   mnewton:
%       HessianIter - number of iterations to use same Hessian (default: 5)
%   qnewton:
%       initialHessType - scale initial Hessian approximation (default: 1)
%       qnUpdate - type of quasi-Newton update (default: 3):
%           0: BFGS
%           1: SR1 (when it is positive-definite, otherwise BFGS)
%           2: Hoshino
%           3: Self-Scaling BFGS
%           4: Oren's Self-Scaling Variable Metric method 
%           5: McCormick-Huang asymmetric update
%       Damped - use damped BFGS update (default: 1)
%   newton0/pnewton0:
%       HvFunc - user-supplied function that returns Hessian-vector products
%           (by default, these are computed numerically using autoHv)
%           HvFunc should have the following interface: HvFunc(v,x,varargin{:})
%       useComplex - use a complex perturbation to get high accuracy
%           Hessian-vector products (default: 0)
%           (the increased accuracy can make the method much more efficient,
%               but gradient code must properly support complex inputs)
%       useNegCurv - a negative curvature direction is used as the descent
%           direction if one is encountered during the cg iterations
%           (default: 1)
%       precFunc (for pnewton0 only) - user-supplied preconditioner
%           (by default, an L-BFGS preconditioner is used)
%           precFunc should have the following interfact:
%           precFunc(v,x,varargin{:})
%   lbfgs:
%       Corr - number of corrections to store in memory (default: 100)
%           (higher numbers converge faster but use more memory)
%       Damped - use damped update (default: 0)
%   pcg:
%       cgUpdate - type of update (default: 2)
%   cg/scg/pcg:
%       cgUpdate - type of update (default for cg/scg: 2, default for pcg: 1)
%           0: Fletcher Reeves
%           1: Polak-Ribiere
%           2: Hestenes-Stiefel (not supported for pcg)
%           3: Gilbert-Nocedal
%       HvFunc (for scg only)- user-supplied function that returns Hessian-vector 
%           products
%           (by default, these are computed numerically using autoHv)
%           HvFunc should have the following interface:
%           HvFunc(v,x,varargin{:})
%       precFunc (for pcg only) - user-supplied preconditioner
%           (by default, an L-BFGS preconditioner is used)
%           precFunc should have the following interfact:
%           precFunc(v,x,varargin{:})
%   bb:
%       bbType - type of bb step (default: 1)
%           0: min_alpha ||delta_x - alpha delta_g||_2
%           1: min_alpha ||alpha delta_x - delta_g||_2
%           2: Conic BB
%           3: Gradient method with retards
%   csd:
%       cycle - length of cycle (default: 3)
%
% Supported Output Options
%   iterations - number of iterations taken
%   funcCount - number of function evaluations
%   algorithm - algorithm used
%   firstorderopt - first-order optimality
%   message - exit message
%   trace.funccount - function evaluations after each iteration
%   trace.fval - function value after each iteration
%
% Author: Mark Schmidt (2006)
% Web: http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~schmidtm
%
% Sources (in order of how much the source material contributes):
%   J. Nocedal and S.J. Wright.  1999.  "Numerical Optimization".  Springer Verlag.
%   R. Fletcher.  1987.  "Practical Methods of Optimization".  Wiley.
%   J. Demmel.  1997.  "Applied Linear Algebra.  SIAM.
%   R. Barret, M. Berry, T. Chan, J. Demmel, J. Dongarra, V. Eijkhout, R.
%   Pozo, C. Romine, and H. Van der Vost.  1994.  "Templates for the Solution of
%   Linear Systems: Building Blocks for Iterative Methods".  SIAM.
%   J. More and D. Thuente.  "Line search algorithms with guaranteed
%   sufficient decrease".  ACM Trans. Math. Softw. vol 20, 286-307, 1994.
%   M. Raydan.  "The Barzilai and Borwein gradient method for the large
%   scale unconstrained minimization problem".  SIAM J. Optim., 7, 26-33,
%   (1997).
%   "Mathematical Optimization".  The Computational Science Education
%   Project.  1995.
%   C. Kelley.  1999.  "Iterative Methods for Optimization".  Frontiers in
%   Applied Mathematics.  SIAM.

if nargin < 3
    options = [];
end

% Get Parameters
[verbose,verboseI,debug,doPlot,maxFunEvals,maxIter,optTol,progTol,method,...
    corrections,c1,c2,LS_init,cgSolve,qnUpdate,cgUpdate,initialHessType,...
    HessianModify,Fref,useComplex,numDiff,LS_saveHessianComp,...
    Damped,HvFunc,bbType,cycle,...
    HessianIter,outputFcn,useMex,useNegCurv,precFunc,...
    LS_type,LS_interp,LS_multi,checkGrad] = ...
    minFunc_processInputOptions(options);

maxFunEvals
maxIter
optTol
progTol


% Constants
SD = 0;
CSD = 1;
BB = 2;
CG = 3;
PCG = 4;
LBFGS = 5;
QNEWTON = 6;
NEWTON0 = 7;
NEWTON = 8;
TENSOR = 9;

% Initialize
p = length(x0);
d = zeros(p,1);
x = x0;
t = 1;

% If necessary, form numerical differentiation functions
funEvalMultiplier = 1;
if numDiff && method ~= TENSOR
    varargin(3:end+2) = varargin(1:end);
    varargin{1} = useComplex;
    varargin{2} = funObj;
    if method ~= NEWTON
        if debug
            if useComplex
                fprintf('Using complex differentials for gradient computation\n');
            else
                fprintf('Using finite differences for gradient computation\n');
            end
        end
        funObj = @autoGrad;
    else
        if debug
            if useComplex
                fprintf('Using complex differentials for gradient computation\n');
            else
                fprintf('Using finite differences for gradient computation\n');
            end
        end
        funObj = @autoHess;
    end

    if method == NEWTON0 && useComplex == 1
        if debug
            fprintf('Turning off the use of complex differentials\n');
        end
        useComplex = 0;
    end

    if useComplex
        funEvalMultiplier = p;
    else
        funEvalMultiplier = p+1;
    end
end

% Evaluate Initial Point
if method < NEWTON
    [f,g] = funObj(x,varargin{:});
    computeHessian = 0;
else
    [f,g,H] = funObj(x,varargin{:});
    computeHessian = 1;
end
funEvals = 1;

% Derivative Check
if checkGrad
    if numDiff
        fprintf('Can not do derivative checking when numDiff is 1\n');
    end
    derivativeCheck(funObj,x,computeHessian+1,useComplex,varargin{:});
end

% Output Log
if verboseI
    fprintf('%10s %10s %15s %15s %15s\n','Iteration','FunEvals','Step Length','Function Val','Opt Cond');
end

% Output Function
if ~isempty(outputFcn)
    callOutput(outputFcn,x,'init',0,funEvals,f,[],[],g,[],max(abs(g)),varargin{:});
end

% Compute optimality of initial point
optCond = max(abs(g));

if nargout > 3
	% Initialize Trace
	trace.fval = f;
	trace.funcCount = funEvals;
	trace.optCond = optCond;
end

% Exit if initial point is optimal
if optCond <= optTol
    exitflag=1;
    msg = 'Optimality Condition below optTol';
    if verbose
        fprintf('%s\n',msg);
    end
    if nargout > 3
        output = struct('iterations',0,'funcCount',1,...
            'algorithm',method,'firstorderopt',max(abs(g)),'message',msg,'trace',trace);
    end
    return;
end

% Perform up to a maximum of 'maxIter' descent steps:
for i = 1:maxIter

    % ****************** COMPUTE DESCENT DIRECTION *****************

    switch method
        case SD % Steepest Descent
            d = -g;

        case CSD % Cyclic Steepest Descent

            if mod(i,cycle) == 1 % Use Steepest Descent
                alpha = 1;
                LS_init = 2;
                LS_type = 1; % Wolfe line search
            elseif mod(i,cycle) == mod(1+1,cycle) % Use Previous Step
                alpha = t;
                LS_init = 0;
                LS_type = 0; % Armijo line search
            end
            d = -alpha*g;

        case BB % Steepest Descent with Barzilai and Borwein Step Length

            if i == 1
                d = -g;
            else
                y = g-g_old;
                s = t*d;
                if bbType == 0
                    yy = y'*y;
                    alpha = (s'*y)/(yy);
                    if alpha <= 1e-10 || alpha > 1e10
                        alpha = 1;
                    end
                elseif bbType == 1
                    sy = s'*y;
                    alpha = (s'*s)/sy;
                    if alpha <= 1e-10 || alpha > 1e10
                        alpha = 1;
                    end
                elseif bbType == 2 % Conic Interpolation ('Modified BB')
                    sy = s'*y;
                    ss = s'*s;
                    alpha = ss/sy;
                    if alpha <= 1e-10 || alpha > 1e10
                        alpha = 1;
                    end
                    alphaConic = ss/(6*(myF_old - f) + 4*g'*s + 2*g_old'*s);
                    if alphaConic > .001*alpha && alphaConic < 1000*alpha
                        alpha = alphaConic;
                    end
                elseif bbType == 3 % Gradient Method with retards (bb type 1, random selection of previous step)
                    sy = s'*y;
                    alpha = (s'*s)/sy;
                    if alpha <= 1e-10 || alpha > 1e10
                        alpha = 1;
                    end
                    v(1+mod(i-2,5)) = alpha;
                    alpha = v(ceil(rand*length(v)));
                end
                d = -alpha*g;
            end
            g_old = g;
            myF_old = f;


        case CG % Non-Linear Conjugate Gradient

            if i == 1
                d = -g; % Initially use steepest descent direction
            else
                gotgo = g_old'*g_old;

                if cgUpdate == 0
                    % Fletcher-Reeves
                    beta = (g'*g)/(gotgo);
                elseif cgUpdate == 1
                    % Polak-Ribiere
                    beta = (g'*(g-g_old)) /(gotgo);
                elseif cgUpdate == 2
                    % Hestenes-Stiefel
                    beta = (g'*(g-g_old))/((g-g_old)'*d);
                else
                    % Gilbert-Nocedal
                    beta_FR = (g'*(g-g_old)) /(gotgo);
                    beta_PR = (g'*g-g'*g_old)/(gotgo);
                    beta = max(-beta_FR,min(beta_PR,beta_FR));
                end

                d = -g + beta*d;

                % Restart if not a direction of sufficient descent
                if g'*d > -progTol
                    if debug
                        fprintf('Restarting CG\n');
                    end
                    beta = 0;
                    d = -g;
                end

                % Old restart rule:
                %if beta < 0 || abs(gtgo)/(gotgo) >= 0.1 || g'*d >= 0

            end
            g_old = g;

        case PCG % Preconditioned Non-Linear Conjugate Gradient

            % Apply preconditioner to negative gradient
            if isempty(precFunc)
                % Use L-BFGS Preconditioner
                if i == 1
                    old_dirs = zeros(length(g),0);
                    old_stps = zeros(length(g),0);
                    Hdiag = 1;
                    s = -g;
                else
                    [old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag] = lbfgsUpdate(g-g_old,t*d,corrections,debug,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);

                    if useMex
                        s = lbfgsC(-g,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                    else
                        s = lbfgs(-g,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                    end
                end
            else % User-supplied preconditioner
                s = precFunc(-g,x,varargin{:});
            end

            if i == 1
                d = s;
            else

                if cgUpdate == 0
                    % Preconditioned Fletcher-Reeves
                    beta = (g'*s)/(g_old'*s_old);
                elseif cgUpdate < 3
                    % Preconditioned Polak-Ribiere
                    beta = (g'*(s-s_old))/(g_old'*s_old);
                else
                    % Preconditioned Gilbert-Nocedal
                    beta_FR = (g'*s)/(g_old'*s_old);
                    beta_PR = (g'*(s-s_old))/(g_old'*s_old);
                    beta = max(-beta_FR,min(beta_PR,beta_FR));
                end
                d = s + beta*d;

                if g'*d > -progTol
                    if debug
                        fprintf('Restarting CG\n');
                    end
                    beta = 0;
                    d = s;
                end

            end
            g_old = g;
            s_old = s;
        case LBFGS % L-BFGS

            % Update the direction and step sizes

            if i == 1
                d = -g; % Initially use steepest descent direction
                old_dirs = zeros(length(g),0);
                old_stps = zeros(length(d),0);
                Hdiag = 1;
            else
                if Damped
                    [old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag] = dampedUpdate(g-g_old,t*d,corrections,debug,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                else
                    [old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag] = lbfgsUpdate(g-g_old,t*d,corrections,debug,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                end

                if useMex
                    d = lbfgsC(-g,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                else
                    d = lbfgs(-g,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                end
            end
            g_old = g;

        case QNEWTON % Use quasi-Newton Hessian approximation

            if i == 1
                d = -g;
            else
                % Compute difference vectors
                y = g-g_old;
                s = t*d;

                if i == 2
                    % Make initial Hessian approximation
                    if initialHessType == 0
                        % Identity
                        if qnUpdate <= 1
                            R = eye(length(g));
                        else
                            H = eye(length(g));
                        end
                    else
                        % Scaled Identity
                        if debug
                            fprintf('Scaling Initial Hessian Approximation\n');
                        end
                        if qnUpdate <= 1
                            % Use Cholesky of Hessian approximation
                            R = sqrt((y'*y)/(y'*s))*eye(length(g));
                        else
                            % Use Inverse of Hessian approximation
                            H = eye(length(g))*(y'*s)/(y'*y);
                        end
                    end
                end

                if qnUpdate == 0 % Use BFGS updates
                    Bs = R'*(R*s);
                    if Damped
                        eta = .02;
                        if y'*s < eta*s'*Bs
                            if debug
                                fprintf('Damped Update\n');
                            end
                            theta = min(max(0,((1-eta)*s'*Bs)/(s'*Bs - y'*s)),1);
                            y = theta*y + (1-theta)*Bs;
                        end
                        R = cholupdate(cholupdate(R,y/sqrt(y'*s)),Bs/sqrt(s'*Bs),'-');
                    else
                        if y'*s > 1e-10
                            R = cholupdate(cholupdate(R,y/sqrt(y'*s)),Bs/sqrt(s'*Bs),'-');
                        else
                            if debug
                                fprintf('Skipping Update\n');
                            end
                        end
                    end
                elseif qnUpdate == 1 % Perform SR1 Update if it maintains positive-definiteness

                    Bs = R'*(R*s);
                    ymBs = y-Bs;
                    if abs(s'*ymBs) >= norm(s)*norm(ymBs)*1e-8 && (s-((R\(R'\y))))'*y > 1e-10
                        R = cholupdate(R,-ymBs/sqrt(ymBs'*s),'-');
                    else
                        if debug
                            fprintf('SR1 not positive-definite, doing BFGS Update\n');
                        end
                        if Damped
                            eta = .02;
                            if y'*s < eta*s'*Bs
                                if debug
                                    fprintf('Damped Update\n');
                                end
                                theta = min(max(0,((1-eta)*s'*Bs)/(s'*Bs - y'*s)),1);
                                y = theta*y + (1-theta)*Bs;
                            end
                            R = cholupdate(cholupdate(R,y/sqrt(y'*s)),Bs/sqrt(s'*Bs),'-');
                        else
                            if y'*s > 1e-10
                                R = cholupdate(cholupdate(R,y/sqrt(y'*s)),Bs/sqrt(s'*Bs),'-');
                            else
                                if debug
                                    fprintf('Skipping Update\n');
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                elseif qnUpdate == 2 % Use Hoshino update
                    v = sqrt(y'*H*y)*(s/(s'*y) - (H*y)/(y'*H*y));
                    phi = 1/(1 + (y'*H*y)/(s'*y));
                    H = H + (s*s')/(s'*y) - (H*y*y'*H)/(y'*H*y) + phi*v*v';

                elseif qnUpdate == 3 % Self-Scaling BFGS update
                    ys = y'*s;
                    Hy = H*y;
                    yHy = y'*Hy;
                    gamma = ys/yHy;
                    v = sqrt(yHy)*(s/ys - Hy/yHy);
                    H = gamma*(H - Hy*Hy'/yHy + v*v') + (s*s')/ys;
                elseif qnUpdate == 4 % Oren's Self-Scaling Variable Metric update

                    % Oren's method
                    if (s'*y)/(y'*H*y) > 1
                        phi = 1; % BFGS
                        omega = 0;
                    elseif (s'*(H\s))/(s'*y) < 1
                        phi = 0; % DFP
                        omega = 1;
                    else
                        phi = (s'*y)*(y'*H*y-s'*y)/((s'*(H\s))*(y'*H*y)-(s'*y)^2);
                        omega = phi;
                    end

                    gamma = (1-omega)*(s'*y)/(y'*H*y) + omega*(s'*(H\s))/(s'*y);
                    v = sqrt(y'*H*y)*(s/(s'*y) - (H*y)/(y'*H*y));
                    H = gamma*(H - (H*y*y'*H)/(y'*H*y) + phi*v*v') + (s*s')/(s'*y);

                elseif qnUpdate == 5 % McCormick-Huang asymmetric update
                    theta = 1;
                    phi = 0;
                    psi = 1;
                    omega = 0;
                    t1 = s*(theta*s + phi*H'*y)';
                    t2 = (theta*s + phi*H'*y)'*y;
                    t3 = H*y*(psi*s + omega*H'*y)';
                    t4 = (psi*s + omega*H'*y)'*y;
                    H = H + t1/t2 - t3/t4;
                end

                if qnUpdate <= 1
                    d = -R\(R'\g);
                else
                    d = -H*g;
                end

            end
            g_old = g;

        case NEWTON0 % Hessian-Free Newton

            cgMaxIter = min(p,maxFunEvals-funEvals);
            cgForce = min(0.5,sqrt(norm(g)))*norm(g);

            % Set-up preconditioner
            precondFunc = [];
            precondArgs = [];
            if cgSolve == 1
                if isempty(precFunc) % Apply L-BFGS preconditioner
                    if i == 1
                        old_dirs = zeros(length(g),0);
                        old_stps = zeros(length(g),0);
                        Hdiag = 1;
                    else
                        [old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag] = lbfgsUpdate(g-g_old,t*d,corrections,debug,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                        if useMex
                            precondFunc = @lbfgsC;
                        else
                            precondFunc = @lbfgs;
                        end
                        precondArgs = {old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag};
                    end
                    g_old = g;
                else
                    % Apply user-defined preconditioner
                    precondFunc = precFunc;
                    precondArgs = {x,varargin{:}};
                end
            end

            % Solve Newton system using cg and hessian-vector products
            if isempty(HvFunc)
                % No user-supplied Hessian-vector function,
                % use automatic differentiation
                HvFun = @autoHv;
                HvArgs = {x,g,useComplex,funObj,varargin{:}};
            else
                % Use user-supplid Hessian-vector function
                HvFun = HvFunc;
                HvArgs = {x,varargin{:}};
            end
            
            if useNegCurv
                [d,cgIter,cgRes,negCurv] = conjGrad([],-g,cgForce,cgMaxIter,debug,precondFunc,precondArgs,HvFun,HvArgs);
            else
                [d,cgIter,cgRes] = conjGrad([],-g,cgForce,cgMaxIter,debug,precondFunc,precondArgs,HvFun,HvArgs);
            end

            funEvals = funEvals+cgIter;
            if debug
                fprintf('newtonCG stopped on iteration %d w/ residual %.5e\n',cgIter,cgRes);

            end

            if useNegCurv
                if ~isempty(negCurv)
                    %if debug
                    fprintf('Using negative curvature direction\n');
                    %end
                    d = negCurv/norm(negCurv);
                    d = d/sum(abs(g));
                end
            end

        case NEWTON % Newton search direction

            if cgSolve == 0
                if HessianModify == 0
                    % Attempt to perform a Cholesky factorization of the Hessian
                    [R,posDef] = chol(H);

                    % If the Cholesky factorization was successful, then the Hessian is
                    % positive definite, solve the system
                    if posDef == 0
                        d = -R\(R'\g);

                    else
                        % otherwise, adjust the Hessian to be positive definite based on the
                        % minimum eigenvalue, and solve with QR
                        % (expensive, we don't want to do this very much)
                        if debug
                            fprintf('Adjusting Hessian\n');
                        end
                        H = H + eye(length(g)) * max(0,1e-12 - min(real(eig(H))));
                        d = -H\g;
                    end
                elseif HessianModify == 1
                    % Modified Incomplete Cholesky
                    R = mcholinc(H,debug);
                    d = -R\(R'\g);
                elseif HessianModify == 2
                    % Modified Generalized Cholesky
                    if useMex
                        [L D perm] = mcholC(H);
                    else
                        [L D perm] = mchol(H);
                    end
                    d(perm) = -L' \ ((D.^-1).*(L \ g(perm)));

                elseif HessianModify == 3
                    % Modified Spectral Decomposition
                    [V,D] = eig((H+H')/2);
                    D = diag(D);
                    D = max(abs(D),max(max(abs(D)),1)*1e-12);
                    d = -V*((V'*g)./D);
                elseif HessianModify == 4
                    % Modified Symmetric Indefinite Factorization
                    [L,D,perm] = ldl(H,'vector');
                    [blockPos junk] = find(triu(D,1));
                    for diagInd = setdiff(setdiff(1:p,blockPos),blockPos+1)
                        if D(diagInd,diagInd) < 1e-12
                            D(diagInd,diagInd) = 1e-12;
                        end
                    end
                    for blockInd = blockPos'
                        block = D(blockInd:blockInd+1,blockInd:blockInd+1);
                        block_a = block(1);
                        block_b = block(2);
                        block_d = block(4);
                        lambda = (block_a+block_d)/2 - sqrt(4*block_b^2 + (block_a - block_d)^2)/2;
                        D(blockInd:blockInd+1,blockInd:blockInd+1) = block+eye(2)*(lambda+1e-12);
                    end
                    d(perm) = -L' \ (D \ (L \ g(perm)));
                else
                    % Take Newton step if Hessian is pd,
                    % otherwise take a step with negative curvature
                    [R,posDef] = chol(H);
                    if posDef == 0
                        d = -R\(R'\g);
                    else
                        if debug
                            fprintf('Taking Direction of Negative Curvature\n');
                        end
                        [V,D] = eig(H);
                        u = V(:,1);
                        d = -sign(u'*g)*u;
                    end
                end

            else
                % Solve with Conjugate Gradient
                cgMaxIter = p;
                cgForce = min(0.5,sqrt(norm(g)))*norm(g);

                % Select Preconditioner
                if cgSolve == 1
                    % No preconditioner
                    precondFunc = [];
                    precondArgs = [];
                elseif cgSolve == 2
                    % Diagonal preconditioner
                    precDiag = diag(H);
                    precDiag(precDiag < 1e-12) = 1e-12 - min(precDiag);
                    precondFunc = @precondDiag;
                    precondArgs = {precDiag.^-1};
                elseif cgSolve == 3
                    % L-BFGS preconditioner
                    if i == 1
                        old_dirs = zeros(length(g),0);
                        old_stps = zeros(length(g),0);
                        Hdiag = 1;
                    else
                        [old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag] = lbfgsUpdate(g-g_old,t*d,corrections,debug,old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag);
                    end
                    g_old = g;
                    if useMex
                        precondFunc = @lbfgsC;
                    else
                        precondFunc = @lbfgs;
                    end
                    precondArgs = {old_dirs,old_stps,Hdiag};
                elseif cgSolve > 0
                    % Symmetric Successive Overelaxation Preconditioner
                    omega = cgSolve;
                    D = diag(H);
                    D(D < 1e-12) = 1e-12 - min(D);
                    precDiag = (omega/(2-omega))*D.^-1;
                    precTriu = diag(D/omega) + triu(H,1);
                    precondFunc = @precondTriuDiag;
                    precondArgs = {precTriu,precDiag.^-1};
                else
                    % Incomplete Cholesky Preconditioner
                    opts.droptol = -cgSolve;
                    opts.rdiag = 1;
                    R = cholinc(sparse(H),opts);
                    if min(diag(R)) < 1e-12
                        R = cholinc(sparse(H + eye*(1e-12 - min(diag(R)))),opts);
                    end
                    precondFunc = @precondTriu;
                    precondArgs = {R};
                end

                % Run cg with the appropriate preconditioner
                if isempty(HvFunc)
                    % No user-supplied Hessian-vector function
                    [d,cgIter,cgRes] = conjGrad(H,-g,cgForce,cgMaxIter,debug,precondFunc,precondArgs);
                else
                    % Use user-supplied Hessian-vector function
                    [d,cgIter,cgRes] = conjGrad(H,-g,cgForce,cgMaxIter,debug,precondFunc,precondArgs,HvFunc,{x,varargin{:}});
                end
                if debug
                    fprintf('CG stopped after %d iterations w/ residual %.5e\n',cgIter,cgRes);
                    %funEvals = funEvals + cgIter;
                end
            end

        case TENSOR % Tensor Method

            if numDiff
                % Compute 3rd-order Tensor Numerically
                [junk1 junk2 junk3 T] = autoTensor(x,useComplex,funObj,varargin{:});
            else
                % Use user-supplied 3rd-derivative Tensor
                [junk1 junk2 junk3 T] = funObj(x,varargin{:});
            end
            options_sub.Method = 'newton';
            options_sub.Display = 'none';
            options_sub.progTol = progTol;
            options_sub.optTol = optTol;
            d = minFunc(@taylorModel,zeros(p,1),options_sub,f,g,H,T);

            if any(abs(d) > 1e5) || all(abs(d) < 1e-5) || g'*d > -progTol
                if debug
                    fprintf('Using 2nd-Order Step\n');
                end
                [V,D] = eig((H+H')/2);
                D = diag(D);
                D = max(abs(D),max(max(abs(D)),1)*1e-12);
                d = -V*((V'*g)./D);
            else
                if debug
                    fprintf('Using 3rd-Order Step\n');
                end
            end
    end

    if ~isLegal(d)
        fprintf('Step direction is illegal!\n');
        pause;
        return
    end

    % ****************** COMPUTE STEP LENGTH ************************

    % Directional Derivative
    gtd = g'*d;

    % Check that progress can be made along direction
    if gtd > -progTol
        exitflag=2;
        msg = 'Directional Derivative below progTol';
        break;
    end

    % Select Initial Guess
    if i == 1
        if method < NEWTON0
            t = min(1,1/sum(abs(g)));
        else
            t = 1;
        end
    else
        if LS_init == 0
            % Newton step
            t = 1;
        elseif LS_init == 1
            % Close to previous step length
            t = t*min(2,(gtd_old)/(gtd));
        elseif LS_init == 2
            % Quadratic Initialization based on {f,g} and previous f
            t = min(1,2*(f-f_old)/(gtd));
        elseif LS_init == 3
            % Double previous step length
            t = min(1,t*2);
        elseif LS_init == 4
            % Scaled step length if possible
            if isempty(HvFunc)
                % No user-supplied Hessian-vector function,
                % use automatic differentiation
                dHd = d'*autoHv(d,x,g,0,funObj,varargin{:});
            else
                % Use user-supplid Hessian-vector function
                dHd = d'*HvFunc(d,x,varargin{:});
            end

            funEvals = funEvals + 1;
            if dHd > 0
                t = -gtd/(dHd);
            else
                t = min(1,2*(f-f_old)/(gtd));
            end
        end

        if t <= 0
            t = 1;
        end
    end
    f_old = f;
    gtd_old = gtd;

    % Compute reference fr if using non-monotone objective
    if Fref == 1
        fr = f;
    else
        if i == 1
            old_fvals = repmat(-inf,[Fref 1]);
        end

        if i <= Fref
            old_fvals(i) = f;
        else
            old_fvals = [old_fvals(2:end);f];
        end
        fr = max(old_fvals);
    end

    computeHessian = 0;
    if method >= NEWTON
        if HessianIter == 1
            computeHessian = 1;
        elseif i > 1 && mod(i-1,HessianIter) == 0
            computeHessian = 1;
        end
    end

    % Line Search
    f_old = f;
    if LS_type == 0 % Use Armijo Bactracking
        % Perform Backtracking line search
        if computeHessian
            [t,x,f,g,LSfunEvals,H] = ArmijoBacktrack(x,t,d,f,fr,g,gtd,c1,LS_interp,LS_multi,progTol,debug,doPlot,LS_saveHessianComp,funObj,varargin{:});
        else
            [new_t,new_x,new_f,new_g,LSfunEvals] = ArmijoBacktrack(x,t,d,f,fr,g,gtd,c1,LS_interp,LS_multi,progTol,debug,doPlot,1,funObj,varargin{:});
        end
        %% Added by Ben
        if f < 0
            exitflag=77
            msg = 'function evaluation is negative!  stopping'
            break;
        else
            t = new_t;
            x = new_x;
            f = new_f;
            g = new_g;
            funEvals = funEvals + LSfunEvals;
        end

    elseif LS_type == 1 % Find Point satisfying Wolfe conditions

        if computeHessian
            [t,f,g,LSfunEvals,H] = WolfeLineSearch(x,t,d,f,g,gtd,c1,c2,LS_interp,LS_multi,25,progTol,debug,doPlot,LS_saveHessianComp,funObj,varargin{:});
        else
            [t,f,g,LSfunEvals] = WolfeLineSearch(x,t,d,f,g,gtd,c1,c2,LS_interp,LS_multi,25,progTol,debug,doPlot,1,funObj,varargin{:});
        end
        funEvals = funEvals + LSfunEvals;
        x = x + t*d;

    else
        % Use Matlab optim toolbox line search
        [t,f_new,fPrime_new,g_new,LSexitFlag,LSiter]=...
            lineSearch({'fungrad',[],funObj},x,p,1,p,d,f,gtd,t,c1,c2,-inf,maxFunEvals-funEvals,...
            progTol,[],[],[],varargin{:});
        funEvals = funEvals + LSiter;
        if isempty(t)
            exitflag = -2;
            msg = 'Matlab LineSearch failed';
            break;
        end

        if method >= NEWTON
            [f_new,g_new,H] = funObj(x + t*d,varargin{:});
            funEvals = funEvals + 1;
        end
        x = x + t*d;
        f = f_new;
        g = g_new;
	end

    % check if line search returned empty gradient (meaning the function evaluation failed)
    if length(g) == 0
        exitflag=3
        msg = 'function evaluation failed (NaN -- probably overflow)'
        break;
    end
    
	% Compute Optimality Condition
	optCond = max(abs(g));
	
    % Output iteration information
    if verboseI
        fprintf('%10d %10d %15.5e %15.5e %15.5e\n',i,funEvals*funEvalMultiplier,t,f,optCond);
    end

    % Output Function
    if ~isempty(outputFcn)
        callOutput(outputFcn,x,'iter',i,funEvals,f,t,gtd,g,d,optCond,varargin{:});
	end
	
    if nargout > 3
    % Update Trace
    trace.fval(end+1,1) = f;
    trace.funcCount(end+1,1) = funEvals;
	trace.optCond(end+1,1) = optCond;
    end

    % Check Optimality Condition
    if optCond <= optTol
        exitflag=1;
        msg = 'Optimality Condition below optTol';
        break;
    end

    % ******************* Check for lack of progress *******************

    if max(abs(t*d)) <= progTol
        exitflag=2;
        msg = 'Step Size below progTol';
        break;
    end


    if abs(f-f_old) < progTol
        exitflag=2;
        msg = 'Function Value changing by less than progTol';
        break;
    end

    % ******** Check for going over iteration/evaluation limit *******************

    if funEvals*funEvalMultiplier >= maxFunEvals
        exitflag = 0;
        msg = 'Reached Maximum Number of Function Evaluations';
        break;
    end

    if i == maxIter
        exitflag = 0;
        msg='Reached Maximum Number of Iterations';
        break;
    end

end

if verbose
    fprintf('%s\n',msg);
end
if nargout > 3
    output = struct('iterations',i,'funcCount',funEvals*funEvalMultiplier,...
        'algorithm',method,'firstorderopt',max(abs(g)),'message',msg,'trace',trace);
end

% Output Function
if ~isempty(outputFcn)
    callOutput(outputFcn,x,'done',i,funEvals,f,t,gtd,g,d,max(abs(g)),varargin{:});
end

end

