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lp2bp
Lowpass to bandpass analog filter transformation.
[bt,at] = lp2bp(b,a,Wo,Bw) [At,Bt,Ct,Dt] = lp2bp(A,B,C,D,Wo,Bw)
lp2bp transforms analog lowpass filter prototypes with a cutoff frequency of 1 rad/sec into bandpass filters with desired bandwidth and center frequency. The transformation is one step in the digital filter design process for the butter, cheby1, cheby2, and ellip functions.
lp2bp can perform the transformation on two different linear system representations: transfer function form and state-space form. In both cases, the input system must be an analog filter prototype.
Transfer Function Form (Polynomial)
[bt,at] = lp2bp(b,a,Wo,Bw)
transforms an analog lowpass filter prototype given by polynomial coefficients into a bandpass filter with center frequency Wo and bandwidth Bw. Row vectors b and a specify the coefficients of the numerator and denominator of the prototype in descending powers of s:
Scalars Wo and Bw specify the center frequency and bandwidth in units of radians/second. For a filter with lower band edge w1 and upper band edge w2, use Wo = sqrt(w1*w2) and Bw = w2-w1.
lp2bp returns the frequency transformed filter in row vectors bt and at.
[At,Bt,Ct,Dt] = lp2bp(A,B,C,D,Wo,Bw)
converts the continuous-time state-space lowpass filter prototype in matrices A, B, C, D :
into a bandpass filter with center frequency Wo and bandwidth Bw. For a filter with lower band edge w1 and upper band edge w2, use Wo = sqrt(w1*w2) and Bw = w2-w1.
The bandpass filter is returned in matrices At, Bt, Ct, Dt.
lp2bp is a highly accurate state-space formulation of the classic analog filter frequency transformation. Consider the state-space system:
where u is the input, x is the state vector, and y is the output. The Laplace transform of the first equation is
Now if a bandpass filter is to have center frequency 
0 and bandwidth Bw, the standard s-domain transformation is
where Q = 0/Bw and p = s/0. Substituting this for s in the Laplace transformed state-space equation, and considering the operator p as d/dt:
or
Now define
which, when substituted, leads to
The last two equations give equations of state. Write them in standard form and multiply the differential equations by 0 to recover the time/frequency scaling represented by p and find state matrices for the bandpass filter:
Q = Wo/Bw; [ma,na] = size(A); At = Wo*[A/Q eye(ma,na);-eye(ma,na) zeros(ma,na)]; Bt = Wo*[B/Q; zeros(ma,nb)]; Ct = [C zeros(mc,ma)]; Dt = d;If the input to
lp2bp is in transfer function form, the function transforms it into state-space form before applying this algorithm.
Impulse invariance method of analog-to-digital filter conversion. |
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